tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-48901329140092248002024-02-22T13:48:01.409-08:00inodorosecoIntercambio de informacion sobre la construccion de inodoros ecologicos secos.
Exchange of information about the building of Ecological Dry Toilets (recent entries are in English, too).
(Comentarios: canaday2 ARROBA gmail PUNTO com.)Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.comBlogger53125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-17710604484769047322022-01-26T04:52:00.000-08:002022-01-26T04:52:15.482-08:00Inodoro Silvícola / Urine-diverting ArborLoo<p><span style="background-color: #01ffff;"> (Scroll down for English.)</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Inodoros Silvícolas en
Yawepare</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[endif]--></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEikJ0glE5yBtcqz_-9ZKNYg_Tdt7vx-J58GRtQ7o6vwHErRa7ex-TgcryXzdrIM2koFKbnZhcwFBbiUH2nOD0Uq2nXhK1vqDUFmDO0e9rHjTKa6Dy372eK1HDddqXf2NBS5uaa9agsnoVXWb2XV97q9iQW73EE-_wbz3v3QuWz8IN9k-xLs-Raliiwc=s451" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="451" data-original-width="345" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEikJ0glE5yBtcqz_-9ZKNYg_Tdt7vx-J58GRtQ7o6vwHErRa7ex-TgcryXzdrIM2koFKbnZhcwFBbiUH2nOD0Uq2nXhK1vqDUFmDO0e9rHjTKa6Dy372eK1HDddqXf2NBS5uaa9agsnoVXWb2XV97q9iQW73EE-_wbz3v3QuWz8IN9k-xLs-Raliiwc=s320" width="245" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEieWxbGUwFNwQXRr7wCiIrkfg2ORU9radTQyCGNhSg5kT1akKqUBev12uX7iWRJpim1WzN-oMx48oXrFNWAg_K6iYbLaEqkKc5KualcUz-J3LR_Ei1kcg1XVtnfpExanYuG5Dy9WUEd47vJRG5iC5KN9IcMXcYDSo_sQTifNlDmDUiyCXTQg3WJPD1M=s1600" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEieWxbGUwFNwQXRr7wCiIrkfg2ORU9radTQyCGNhSg5kT1akKqUBev12uX7iWRJpim1WzN-oMx48oXrFNWAg_K6iYbLaEqkKc5KualcUz-J3LR_Ei1kcg1XVtnfpExanYuG5Dy9WUEd47vJRG5iC5KN9IcMXcYDSo_sQTifNlDmDUiyCXTQg3WJPD1M=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /></b></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Resumen:</b> Del 11
al 14 de octubre, 2021, fui a Yawepare, una comunidad Waorani en la provincia
de Orellana, para construir 4 inodoros ecológicos tipo Inodoro Silvícola (en
inglés, ArborLoo) con la comunidad y con representantes de la Asociación de
Mujeres Waorani de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana (AMWAE). Estos consisten en huecos
relativamente pequeños en la tierra, que no llegan hasta el agua freática en el
suelo y casitas livianas para la privacidad; cuando el hueco comienza a
llenarse, se traslada la casita encima de otro hueco y se siembra un árbol en
el hueco antiguo. Las innovaciones incluyen la de mantener la orina fuera del
hueco, para reducir la producción de malos olores en el hoyo y para optimar el
reciclaje del nitrógeno presente en este líquido dorado mediante los cultivos y
otra vegetación en la superficie, y las ausencia de un techo, para proveer más
luz y aire. Se eligió este modelo con el afán que:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->sea aceptable culturalmente entre los Waorani, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->sea fácil de replicar donde ellos quieran,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->no requiera nunca un manejo o contacto con las
heces y <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->mantenga el ambiente limpio. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Introducción<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">El saneamiento es clave para mantener la salud cuando las
personas viven en sociedad y representa una gran deficiencia en la Amazonía y
la mayor parte del mundo entero. En la Amazonía, la aplicación de inodoros
convencionales de agua no es aceptable ni sostenible por los siguientes
limitantes:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->La falta de agua entubada en la mayor parte de
los hogares.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->La falta de alcantarillado, en especial entre
asentamientos dispersos, como mayormente es el caso de los Waorani.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->La falta o deficiencia de tratamiento de aguas
residuales, tomando en cuenta que toda la población tiene contacto con los
ríos, mediante la natación, el canotaje, el aseo personal, la pesca, la lavada
de ropa y el consumo directo. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->La poca permeabilidad de los suelos arcillosos
que impide el correcto funcionamiento de los pozos sépticos con sus respectivos
campos de infiltración.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">La mayor parte de las personas enfermas en el mundo están
así por la contaminación fecal del agua, con la presencia de microbios de
diarreas, cólera, tifoidea, etc. o huevos de lombrices intestinales. Al
depositar las heces en el piso del bosque, otras personas pueden tener contacto
y contagiarse en seguida. Incluso, los huevos de estas lombrices, en el suelo
húmedo del bosque, protegidos de los rayos ultravioletas del sol, pueden seguir
viables durante siete o 10 años, según los diferentes libros.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Al inicio, AMWAE me solicitó la construcción de un Inodoro
Ecológico Seco con Separación de la Orina (véase Wikipedia), como tenemos en el
Parque Etnobotánico Omaere en Puyo (omaere.wordpress.com, @ParqueOmaere en
Facebook), pero me preocupaba que los pobladores locales tal vez no harían el
debido mantenimiento por asco a las heces, entonces me propuse desarrollar otro
modelo con los siguientes criterios:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->que no requiera nunca un manejo de las heces, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->que mantenga el ambiente limpio, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->que sea fácil de replicar donde las personas
quieran, a bajo costo.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">El Inodoro Silvícola
con Separación de la Orina<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Se llama “silvícola”, por lo que sirve para abonar los hoyos
donde, luego, se siembran unos árboles. En inglés, se llama el ArborLoo, nombre
y concepto que fue conceptualizado y promovido por Peter Morgan durante su
amplio y exitoso trabajo en el saneamiento rural en el país de Zimbabue.<br />
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArborLoo">https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArborLoo</a></span><br />
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.ecosanres.org/ecologicaltoilets.htm">http://www.ecosanres.org/ecologicaltoilets.htm</a></span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">En la Amazonía, la permeabilidad de los suelos arcillosos es
mínima (pero no nula, tanto que no se alcanza el agua freática), entonces
habría el riesgo que la orina se acumule el hoyo, fermentándose y creando malos
olores. Por otro lado, la urea presente en la orina impediría la descomposición
natural de las heces. Por estas razones, decidí mantener la orina separada, lo
cual no es complicado con un embudo plástico de 25 cm diámetro hacia delante de
la persona en cuclillas.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Más allá, en contra de lo convencional, se atrevió
construirlo sin techo, por los siguientes motivos:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 38.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Mayor luz.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Mayor aeración y menos olores.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Menor peso en el traslado de un hoyo a otro.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Menor costo, para facilitar su replicación
espontánea en la población.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Mayor limpieza del piso con cada lluvia.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 38.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Esterilización parcial de las superficies con
los rayos ultravioletas del sol en medio día. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hay que recordar que solo hace falta estar en un servicio
higiénico durante un momento y estamos compitiendo mayormente con la defecación
al aire libre, donde no se cuenta con techos. De esta manera, tenemos más o
menos las mismas ventajas de la defecación al aire libre, además de las
adicionales de no transmitir enfermedades, no tener que caminar lejos y
aprovechar los nutrientes en la producción.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Aparentemente, es la primera vez en el mundo que se hace un
ArborLoo con separación de la orina y sin techo.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Antes de implementar este concepto en Yawepare, realizamos
un proyecto piloto primero en el Parque Etnobotánico Omaere en Puyo, con la
participación de pasantes de la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo y la
Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE. Recibe el uso de nuestro personal,
pasantes y visitantes y está dando excelentes resultados, sin moscas o malos
olores, a pesar que solo botamos un manojo de hojarasca con cada depósito, para
que sea lo más fácil posible y que el hoyo no se llene demasiado rápido.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Este modelo tiene gran potencial para las poblaciones de la
Amazonía, la India y la mayor parte del mundo, donde hay saneamiento
inadecuado. Es especialmente conveniente donde las personas están acostumbrados
a defecar al aire libre, ya que mantiene las ventajas de superficies más
limpias, aire más fresco y más claridad, sin contaminar el ambiente o tener que
caminar tan lejos, con mayor riesgo a violaciones, robos, etc. Estos Inodoros
Silvícolas, en cambio, pueden estar al lado de las casas de las personas,
fertilizando unos árboles que producen frutos para el consumo de las familias.
Si no hay espacio para sembrar un sinfín de árboles, se puede seleccionar
especies que no viven tantos años (como la Papaya, el Banano, el Tomate de
Árbol o el Zapallo) y rotarlos entre los sitios que se disponen, de tal manera
que se podría hacer esto en una casa urbana, tanto que haya al menos un jardín
de tamaño normal.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proceso Constructivo<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Elegir un sitio a unos 20 metros de la casa,
para más privacidad, preferiblemente cuesta arriba, para que el agua freática
en el suelo esté más profunda.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Cavar un hoyo de 40 cm diámetro y un metro de
profundidad, preferiblemente ensanchado hasta 50 cm diámetro en el fondo. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Si se llega al agua freática en el suelo, se
para de cavar y la instalación tendrá una vida útil más corta o se busca otro
sitio más arriba sobre el terreno. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Si se quiere extender la vida útil de la
instalación, se podría ensanchar más el fondo del hoyo, dependiendo del tipo de
suelo.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Partir una sección de un metro del tallo de
Chonta Pambil (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Iriartea deltoidea</i>, en
Wao Terero<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Tepa</i>) en dos
longitudinalmente y colocar las dos mitades sobre el hoyo para poder pisarlas
mirando cuesta abajo.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Separarlas con 18 cm.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Ajustar con arcilla en la parte inferior una
pendiente hacia los dedos de aproximadamente 10 %, es decir que el extremo
posterior de cada chonta está 10 cm más alto que el extremo anterior, lo cual
facilita muchísimo asumir la posición de cuclillas. (Eso equivale un ángulo de
5.7°. Un estudio determinó que una pendiente de 15° era óptimo, pero, en este
caso, creo que podría resultar resbaloso.<br />
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7824858/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7824858/</a></span>
)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Extender el embudo plástico de 25 cm diámetro
con una manguera de conexiones eléctricas de ¾ pulgadas, de 75 cm de largo, al
calentarla en agua hirviendo y colocarla sobre el pico del embudo. Si se desea,
cortar, doblar e insertar en el embudo un pedazo de botella tipo CocaCola para
prevenir el ingreso de basuras que podrían taparlo.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Cavar una pequeña zanja y colocar el embudo
sobre las chontas, con su filo casi topando el filo del hoyo, tal que la orina
fluya cuesta abajo hacia el suelo productivo, donde sirve de fertilizante.
Cubrir la parte exterior del embudo y la manguera con arcilla que fue excavada
y compactarla.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Compactar arcilla que fue excavada alrededor de
la instalación, para que todo esté firme y para que la escorrentía de agua
lluvia no ingrese en el hoyo.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Dibujar un círculo en la tierra, con el embudo
como el centro y con un radio de 72 cm.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Cortar 2, 3 o 4 tiras de bambú 6 metros de largo
y 4 cm de ancho. Sacar puntas en los extremos. Unir las tiras y amarrarlas con
un alambre, medio suelto, en la mitad.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Insertar los extremos de las tiras de bambú en
el círculo trazado en el suelo, formando el esqueleto de un domo.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Óptimamente, dos lianas partidas serían amarradas
con alambre horizontalmente al nivel del suelo y a los 2 metros de altura, para
sostener la estructura cuando está siendo trasladada de un hoyo al siguiente. (Se
puede usar tiras de bambú, pero en general es demasiado rígido.)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Cortar una tela de polipropileno (o del material
que se desea) que mide 5 metros de largo y 2 metros de ancho. Quemar los
extremos con fuego para evitar que se deshile.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Coser un extremo de la tela con piola sobre una
tira de bambú (cerca del hombro de una persona en posición de cuclillas),
extenderla alrededor del esqueleto de bambú, hasta llegar a la tira inicial,
traslaparla hacia el interior y coserla en la parte superior, permitiendo al
usuario alzar la esquina inferior para entrar y salir. También se la cose con piola
sobre la penúltima tira.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Colocar un alambre en forma de gancho para poder
asegurar la puerta, aunque el traslape de la tela lo hace no tan necesario.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Se cree que es ventajoso poner un poco de
sólidos de chicha de yuca y/o tierra negra en el fondo del hoyo para proveer
microbios descomponedores benéficos.<o:p></o:p></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjaKsBBkgiMPY1f3_IqFFpE3Twv_04YM9badhXh-anJa3LSP5d6JJqiSQvlEabJZjMo_-N_HMNiSqW8iRA9XsvsnlqzcIZRNW5vwXvsW7S--Dt6tyyLmHrnnZPkEx6qfqCP9Orhkq6P6t3k1qLp4p4rkkAjflFyJVkRM3-1VbOXPUz7Hhy0C_aw1wwA=s1600" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjaKsBBkgiMPY1f3_IqFFpE3Twv_04YM9badhXh-anJa3LSP5d6JJqiSQvlEabJZjMo_-N_HMNiSqW8iRA9XsvsnlqzcIZRNW5vwXvsW7S--Dt6tyyLmHrnnZPkEx6qfqCP9Orhkq6P6t3k1qLp4p4rkkAjflFyJVkRM3-1VbOXPUz7Hhy0C_aw1wwA=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEib2yYtK86uHPctsTA0LBLqjLI-A_RtNSYOSbx1DOSsAjTRLITEPZ6SGRJRfyWuXkTry7AFotsVic9KkDMNy0yEQMxgrjr40PBwqu31TWBkPFpCo0ahxcZcRHvntYVo4jWE2kM2wXfETNOSKSlUjLcmkVu7oe4OsVLzVdyBKpvYPs0DJYIDsL91Hmgd=s1600" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEib2yYtK86uHPctsTA0LBLqjLI-A_RtNSYOSbx1DOSsAjTRLITEPZ6SGRJRfyWuXkTry7AFotsVic9KkDMNy0yEQMxgrjr40PBwqu31TWBkPFpCo0ahxcZcRHvntYVo4jWE2kM2wXfETNOSKSlUjLcmkVu7oe4OsVLzVdyBKpvYPs0DJYIDsL91Hmgd=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reflexiones<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">En enero de 2022, el proyecto piloto en Omaere sigue
funcionando perfectamente y los de Yawepare también, según la confirmación de
Nixon.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Este sistema tan sencillo está funcionando sorprendentemente
bien. En el proyecto piloto de Omaere, nunca hemos visto que una mosca del tipo
que frecuenta la basura entre ni siquiera en el hoyo y, mucho menos, que nazca
y salga. Parece que posiblemente los instintos de estas moscas les impiden a
bajar en un hoyo tan hondo y angosto. También, sospecho que la alta pluviosidad
amazónica, que cae directamente en el hoyo, lo hace un lugar menos propicio
para la reproducción de moscas, comparado con las letrinas convencionales con
techos.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Otra observación interesantes es que, en el proyecto piloto,
hicimos un hoyo de unos 30 cm de profundidad para recibir la orina y a veces
existe agua empozada ahí, pero nunca en el hoyo más hondo donde caen las heces.
Por eso, sospecho que los minerales presentes en la orina podría contribuir a
la impermeabilización de estos suelos arcillosos, que siempre tienen poca
permeabilidad. Esto podría ser un gran factor en el aspecto asqueroso de las
letrinas de hoyo en la Amazonía, donde la orina, las heces y el agua del suelo
se mezclan, el mal olor es insoportable y la reproducción de moscas y otros
insectos es abundante. Parece que al mantener la orina fuera del hoy cambia
dramáticamente esto.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Agradecimientos<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Estoy muy agradecido por:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->la decisión de AMWAE de enfrentar este
importante tema, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->la apertura y apoyo de la comunidad, en especial
en la participación de Nixon Licuy, Ganque y Ocata, quienes ayudaron a
construir estos servicios higiénicos para sus familias, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->la coordinación y apoyo logístico de <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gabriela Caicedo,</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span>Armando Boya y Laura Enqueri,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->la ayuda de los pasantes en Omaere durante el
proyecto piloto,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->el apoyo de los donantes.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Por favor, no duden en avisarme si se presentan problemas,
inquietudes o dudas respecto a estos Inodoros Silvícolas.<br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">¿Cómo se usa un Inodoro Silvícola
(Omere Goiwa)?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Párate
sobre las chontas, con los pies topando el embudo.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bájate
completamente en cuclillas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Suelta
el pipí en el embudo y la caca en el hoyo en la tierra.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bota
el papel higiénico, hojas o palos que usas para limpiarte en el mismo hoyo.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bota
un manojo de hojarasca o una taza de cenizas o tierra negra. (Si hay malos
olores o moscas, bota más.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Si
no se drena la orina del embudo, pon la mano en una funda plástica, saca el
plástico doblado en el embudo, límpialo y vuelve a colocarlo.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Cuando
el hoyo comienza a llenarse, caven otro y pasen todo allá.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Siembren
un árbol en el hoyo antiguo. <br />
(Este árbol va crecer bien alimentado.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">inodoroseco.blogspot.com,
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="mailto:canaday2@gmail.com">canaday2@gmail.com</a></span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: #01ffff; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;">Urine-diverting ArborLoos in Yawepare</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiBhSPpCQW9JnP-q8RsmoPT1_keh07TZLlz7ASy2OQeLp0ZVDbLRD-wguMjGn_0qFK5r-BFkaDYgKtYUm4cLkRO9odor3o6bDbL_CH3qj8OimXhE3VcgNiaZEVNaEVNaB4h6tSAPvCIq-jYvtwNsqL1YCEjNp67C2BAgf3y5A526UAbUmVrXJrzxJ6q=s1600" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiBhSPpCQW9JnP-q8RsmoPT1_keh07TZLlz7ASy2OQeLp0ZVDbLRD-wguMjGn_0qFK5r-BFkaDYgKtYUm4cLkRO9odor3o6bDbL_CH3qj8OimXhE3VcgNiaZEVNaEVNaB4h6tSAPvCIq-jYvtwNsqL1YCEjNp67C2BAgf3y5A526UAbUmVrXJrzxJ6q=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEisCN0LXV06SO1Ar5RmS-JWn-0bJRD1ygDfOxSoN6jwNOkspsz4IaGhcedW6vz80nyu6x-I_uw-gs7GgSGIi4Tw0iDdzz1VdEFswop_ka40TN3FNcq4ycDlhWsOzhDN9I7Lakxd3HMm93klzcxjCLy1FtT5SMIc3n54RAVLNjMf-7Jj8fA4_Jm2LPET=s452" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="344" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEisCN0LXV06SO1Ar5RmS-JWn-0bJRD1ygDfOxSoN6jwNOkspsz4IaGhcedW6vz80nyu6x-I_uw-gs7GgSGIi4Tw0iDdzz1VdEFswop_ka40TN3FNcq4ycDlhWsOzhDN9I7Lakxd3HMm93klzcxjCLy1FtT5SMIc3n54RAVLNjMf-7Jj8fA4_Jm2LPET=s320" width="244" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Abstract:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> From the 11th to the 14th of October, 2021, I
went to Yawepare, an indigenous Waorani community, in the province of Orellana,
Ecuador, to build 4 Urine-diverting ArborLoos with community members and
representatives of the Asociation of Waorani Women of Amazonian Ecuador (AMWAE).
These consist of relatively small pits in the soil that do not reach the water
table and lightweight privacy structures that, when the pit is starting to
fill, can be moved to a new hole and a tree is planted in the old pit.
Innovations include keeping the urine separate, to reduce odors in the pit and
to optimize the recycling of the nitrogen present through plants growing on the
surface of the soil, and not build a roof, to provide more light and air. This
model was designed in the hope of it being:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">culturally
acceptable among the Waorani, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">easy
for them to replicate wherever they like, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">free
of any management or contact with the feces, and <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">conducive
to the cleanliness of the environment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sanitation
is key to maintaining health, when people live in a society, and is deficient
in the Amazon and in most of the world. In the Amazon, the use of conventional
flush toilets is not acceptable or sustainable for the following reasons:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
lack of piped water in most homes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
lack of sewers, in particular in dispersed settlements, as is the case with most
Waorani.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
lack or insufficiency of wastewater treatment, taking into account that
essentially the entire population has contact with rivers, via swimming,
boating, fishing, bathing, washing clothes, and even drinking.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
low permeability of the clayey soils impede the correct functioning of septic
tanks and their respective drain fields.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Most sick
people in the world got that way due to fecal contamination of water, with the
presence of microbes related to diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, etc. or intestinal
worm eggs. When feces are deposited on the soil of the forest, as occurs in
most Amazonian communities (unless they defecate directly into waterways),
other personas can come into contact with the material and get infected
immediately. Intestinal worm eggs can even remain viable in the moist soil of
the forest, protected against the destructive UV rays of the sun, for 7-10
years (according to which book you read).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At the
beginning, AMWAE asked me to build a Urine-diverting Dry Toilet (see Wikipedia
and inodoroseco.blogspot.com), like we have in the Omaere Ethnobotanical Park
in Puyo, Ecuador, (omaere.wordpress.com, @ParqueOmaere in Facebook), but I was
worried that the local residents may not do the required maintenance, due to
disgust for the feces, so I proposed to develop a new model based on the
following criteria:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">That
it not require any management or manipulation of the feces, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">That
it keep the environment clean, and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">That
it be easy and inexpensive for the local residents to replicate.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Urine-diverting ArborLoo<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is
called an ArborLoo, as in Arbor Day, as it serves to fertilize holes in the
ground where trees will later be planted. The name and concept were
conceptualized and promoted by Peter Morgan during his ample and successful
rural sanitation work in Zimbabwe.<br />
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArborLoo">https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArborLoo</a></span><br />
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.ecosanres.org/ecologicaltoilets.htm">http://www.ecosanres.org/ecologicaltoilets.htm</a></span>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the
Amazon, the permeability of the clayey soils is very low (but not nil, as long
as the water table is not reached), therefore there is the risk that urine
would accumulate in the pit, fermenting and creating stench. The urea present
in the urine would also impede the natural decomposition of the feces. For
these reasons, I decided to keep the urine separate, which is not complicated
if we place a 25-centimeter-diameter in front of the squatting user.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Breaking
with convention, I dared to build this without a roof, for the following
reasons:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 38.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">More
light.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">More
air and less stench.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Less
weight when being moved from hole to hole.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Less
cost, facilitating its spontaneous replication in the population.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Automatic
washing of the floor with each rain.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 38.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Partial
sterilization of surfaces with UV light from the sun. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is worth
remembering that one only needs to be in a rest room for a moment and that, in
this case, we are competing with open defecation in the forest, where there are
no roofs. In this way, we have the main advantages of open defecation, while
not transmitting diseases, not having to walk so far, and not wasting valuable
nutrients.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This is
apparently the first time in the world that an ArborLoo has been done with
urine diversion and without a roof.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Before
implementing this concept among the Waorani, we first did a pilot project in
the Omaere Ethnobotanical Park of Puyo, together with student interns from the
Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ) and the Universidad de las
Fuerzas Armadas (ESPE). It is used by our visitors, interns, guides, and staff,
with excellent results and no flies or stench, even though we are only covering
each deposit with a handful of leaf litter, to keep it as simple as possible to
use and to avoid filling the pit too soon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This model
has great potential in the Amazon, in India, and in most of the world, where
sanitation is currently inadequate. It is especially convenient where people
are accustomed to open defecation, as it has the related advantages of cleaner
surfaces, fresher air, and more light, without contaminating the environment or
having to walk so far and the associated risk of rape, theft, etc. These
Urine-diverting ArborLoos, in contrast, can be right next to people’s homes,
fertilizing trees that produce fruits for feeding the family. If there is not
room for an infinite number of trees, species that do not live so long can be
selected (like Papaya, Banana, Tree Tomato, or Squash) and rotate through the
available sites, thus making this applicable even at a house in the city, if
there is at least a normal-sized back yard.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Process of Construction<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Select a site maybe 20 meters from
the house, for more privacy, preferably uphill so that the water table will be
deeper.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dig a pit with a diameter of 40 cm
and a depth of one meter, preferably widened out at the bottom to 50 cm
diameter. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">If the water table is reached, stop
digging and the toilet will function at that spot for a shorter time … or look
for another spot higher up the slope. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">If you want the pit to take longer
to fill, the bottom can be made wider, depending on the type of soil.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Split a one-meter-long section of
the stem of the Chonta Pambil Palm Tree (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Iriartea
deltoidea</i>, en Wao Terero<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Tepa</i>) in
two longitudinally and place each half on either side of the pit, to form a
sturdy place for the user squat while facing downhill.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Separate them by 18 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Adjust with clay under the palm wood
to create a slope of about 10% toward the toes, in other words, the downhill
end of each piece of palm wood should be 10 cm lower than the uphill end, which
greatly facilitates squatting. (This is equivalent to a 5.7° angle. A study
determined that 15° was optimal, but, in this case, that could be too slippery.<br />
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7824858/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7824858/</a></span>
)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Extend the 25-cm-diameter plastic
funnel with 75 cm of ¾-inch black plastic hose for electrical connections, by
heating it in boiling water and pushing it onto the point of the funnel. If you
like, cut, fold, and insert into the throat of the funnel a piece of a
disposable CocaCola bottle to prevent the entry of garbage that could plug it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dig a little ditch and place the
funnel on the palm wood, with its lip almost touching the edge of the pit, such
that the urine will flow downhill toward productive soil and crops, where it
serves as a fertilizer. Cover the outside of the funnel and hose with soil that
was dug out of the pit and compact it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Compact excavated soil around the
whole installation, such that everything stays put and rainfall runoff does not
flow into the pit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Draw a circle in the soil, with a
radius of 72 cm and the center on the funnel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cut 2, 3, or 4 strips of bamboo 6
meters long and 4 cm wide. Sharpen the ends. Put the strips together and loosely
tie a wire around their mid-point.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Insert the ends of the strips of
bamboo into the soil evenly spaced along the circle, forming the skeleton of a
dome.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Optimally, two split lianas would be
wired horizontally to the bamboo at ground level and at 2 meters height, to
hold the structure together while being moved from one pit to the next. (Strips
of bamboo can also be used, but it generally too stiff.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cut a woven, polypropylene cloth (or
whichever desired material) to be 2 x 5 meters. Burn the cut edges in a fire,
stove, or candle, to prevent the cloth from unravelling.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Choose a strip of bamboo near the
shoulder of the user in the squatting position. Fold the edge of the cloth
around it and sew it into place with string. Wrap the cloth around the skeleton,
starting in front of the user, and, when you get back to the initial strip,
overlap the upper edge of the cloth on the inside of the structure and sew it
into place, leaving the lower corner to be lifted when entering or exiting the
outhouse. Also, sew with string on the next-to-last strip, where the door
begins.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">If desired, make a hook from wire to
secure the door when in use, although overlap of the cloth makes this not so
necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is believed to be advantageous to
put some manioc beer solids and/or fertile soil in the bottom of the pit to
provide beneficial, decomposer microbes..<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjDvNC2XF4R6nV2do71YQfwOTNLY5sGhxIIO12h7KuI1nMdGcfL79wwcRIpbkrIU8xte8IGH-YznccjmVdCrifKreD04-Sj6hwYL7akoSHeRJCGIryvdPwefMCZqDIsR_dmNT1AKeISUIjXpCQ16EYltL8z5hdpmcxNt2bjWlNct-nnl0HEuMQvpgRO=s1600" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjDvNC2XF4R6nV2do71YQfwOTNLY5sGhxIIO12h7KuI1nMdGcfL79wwcRIpbkrIU8xte8IGH-YznccjmVdCrifKreD04-Sj6hwYL7akoSHeRJCGIryvdPwefMCZqDIsR_dmNT1AKeISUIjXpCQ16EYltL8z5hdpmcxNt2bjWlNct-nnl0HEuMQvpgRO=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgCZ21K5mvR28x_o50XYxuM9PaWbpy2vA56B3QKvDpn3zWkZ3_WOanMYsJ_0KBiwxqWBRxQ8eE7B99w6-xSUDzAvqtiGwUNYZAkDZRDRg5p51xUvfdZkY4VUUiXw4YRqFFh4uiRytrhOjnKYeFVWEa_xA1BVUgUgtfOaqM5EmURIqd7nDFlyUKFPgcD=s1600" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgCZ21K5mvR28x_o50XYxuM9PaWbpy2vA56B3QKvDpn3zWkZ3_WOanMYsJ_0KBiwxqWBRxQ8eE7B99w6-xSUDzAvqtiGwUNYZAkDZRDRg5p51xUvfdZkY4VUUiXw4YRqFFh4uiRytrhOjnKYeFVWEa_xA1BVUgUgtfOaqM5EmURIqd7nDFlyUKFPgcD=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Reflections<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As of
January 2022, the pilot project in Omaere is doing great, as are the ones in
Yawepare, as confirmed by Nixon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This
amazingly simple system is working amazingly well so far. In the continuing
pilot project in Omaere, we have yet to see any garbage-type flies even going
into the pit, much less hatching out. It seems that the instincts of these
flies may somehow prevent them from going down in such a narrow, deep pit.
Also, I suspect that the large amount of rain here in the Amazon, which falls directly
into the pit, makes it a less conducive place for fly reproduction compared to
conventional pit latrines with roofs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Another
interesting observation is that in the pilot project we made a bit more of a
small pit to receive the urine, roughly 30 cm deep, and we sometimes see water
pooled up there, but never in the deeper fecal pit. This leads me to suspect
that the minerals found in the urine may contribute to the impermeabilization
of these clayey soils that have low permeability to start with. This may be an
important factor in the disgusting aspect of pit latrines in the Amazon, where
urine, feces and ground water mix, the stench is unbearable, the reproduction
of flies and other insects is considerable. Keeping urine out of the pit seems
to change this drastically.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Acknowledgements<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I am very
thankful for:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">the
decision of AMWAE to confront this important challenge, <o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">the
openness and support of the local community, in particular in the participation
of Nixon Licuy, Ganque and Ocata, who helped to build these ecological
restrooms for their families, <o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">the
coordination and logistical support of Gabriela Caicedo, Armando Boya, and
Laura Enqueri,<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">the
help of student interns in Omaere during the pilot project,<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">the
support of the donors.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><!--[if !supportLists]--><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Please do
not hesitate to let me know if you have any problems, doubts or questions about
these Urine-diverting ArborLoos.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">How
to use this Urine-diverting ArborLoo<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Stand on the palm wood with feet touching the funnel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Squat down completely.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pee into the funnel, while pooping into the pit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Throw toilet paper, leaves, or sticks used for anal
cleansing into the pit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Add a handful of leaf litter or a cup of ashes or
fertile soil. (If there are flies or bad odors, add more.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">If the urine does not drain, put your hand in a
plastic bag, pull out the plastic that was folded into the throat of the
funnel, clean it, and put it back into place.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">When the pit starts to fill, dig another one and move
the structure there.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Plant a tree on top of the old pit. <br />
(It will grow really well, with all those nutrients.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 6.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Lucida Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">inodoroseco.blogspot.com, <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="mailto:canaday2@gmail.com">canaday2@gmail.com</a></span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-2192780627012726722021-07-09T04:06:00.001-07:002021-07-19T13:29:34.757-07:00Bidé manual super fácil / Easy manual bidet<p><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Me dí cuenta cómo hacer un <span style="background-color: #fcff01; font-size: large;">Bidé Manual</span> de manera super práctica con botellas plásticas (en especial, con botellas de champú de 400 a 1000 ml) y un clavo caliente. En este video, también explico un poco sobre Urinarios Sin Agua.</span></p><p>- - -</p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">I figured out a super easy way to make a <span style="background-color: #01ffff; font-size: large;">Manual Bidet</span> with plastic bottles (in particular, shampoo bottles between 400 and 1000 ml) and a red-hot nail. In this video, I also explain a bit about Waterless Urinals.</span></p><p><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ecuaturismosalud/videos/186369739982673">https://www.facebook.com/ecuaturismosalud/videos/186369739982673</a></p>Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-44007975280095526032021-03-07T03:56:00.002-08:002021-03-07T03:56:53.821-08:00Entrevista sobre inodoros secos en Circularidad<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Luis Muñoz del Centro Guatemalteco de Producción Más Limpia me entrevistó sobre los inodoros secos y fue una buena conversación de 38 minutos. Les invito a escucharla. </span>( https://www.facebook.com/CGPML/ https://cgpl.org.gt/ )</p><p>https://anchor.fm/cgpl/episodes/Circularidad---Inodoros-secos--una-alternativa-con-enfoque-de-cierre-de-ciclo-ernb76</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI_tujtW3l-B_UDhkMEyWi9khWMnPbN6WZLhlTSVR-DhEHL5gsuA3bILuFP82XhtfP4uS_5ghkDvJQhqQuSPI6WjUjXbl8z3W3IOsEuc0SrWK5S4wUIrTM-ErYFNq-Ptu7gKrDstNO_R8/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="391" data-original-width="1024" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI_tujtW3l-B_UDhkMEyWi9khWMnPbN6WZLhlTSVR-DhEHL5gsuA3bILuFP82XhtfP4uS_5ghkDvJQhqQuSPI6WjUjXbl8z3W3IOsEuc0SrWK5S4wUIrTM-ErYFNq-Ptu7gKrDstNO_R8/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p><span style="background-color: #01ffff;"><span style="font-family: arial;">I was interviewed about dry toilets in Spanish by a representative of the Guatemalan Center for Cleaner Production.</span></span></p>Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-73152245221289448052020-10-08T17:44:00.003-07:002020-10-08T17:44:57.534-07:00El proyecto en Chamanga<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8SkfmULXpGyrM1Zah6qiX3CihinGvWrM08HOI6zFiXuHDpFTWJdi9mX5f2SEXhfiYoDDTLP3ZM1l8PJ-Pkr1BeCMMP1rdeXOgEjTBipssdPnC3Y0ojZcAoBNrqsZOZclihvMeXkq5NBw/s515/UDDT+in+Chamanga.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="515" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8SkfmULXpGyrM1Zah6qiX3CihinGvWrM08HOI6zFiXuHDpFTWJdi9mX5f2SEXhfiYoDDTLP3ZM1l8PJ-Pkr1BeCMMP1rdeXOgEjTBipssdPnC3Y0ojZcAoBNrqsZOZclihvMeXkq5NBw/s320/UDDT+in+Chamanga.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6bONvbP3QFHiCZTwzzXmx6LDx_-_ET5fhniHZq9-Wm5314oDvmm43meACrwotz01UnsG3L61rhFs7UH3D4D4SW6KqYfukNDf0_QvkQUADN4pfFFUEoZ4g3Pqq6Vc5arKvuZkdqcxHvdw/s471/UD+toilet+bowl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="471" data-original-width="257" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6bONvbP3QFHiCZTwzzXmx6LDx_-_ET5fhniHZq9-Wm5314oDvmm43meACrwotz01UnsG3L61rhFs7UH3D4D4SW6KqYfukNDf0_QvkQUADN4pfFFUEoZ4g3Pqq6Vc5arKvuZkdqcxHvdw/s320/UD+toilet+bowl.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvu6NsqY8XVGwZMZIdvJQ-sL03BAGRPpccwIBegkkRSX4USjv6GWVi4bPhrP95NQNLSDJPXamCZfqYZkAY6mV5eLvwyGDCfyN35sPcG_DDQFIYBdoOhzkntTzUB7ADD2xxRHgRPyrKJ-Y/s481/Chamanga+satellite+map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="447" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvu6NsqY8XVGwZMZIdvJQ-sL03BAGRPpccwIBegkkRSX4USjv6GWVi4bPhrP95NQNLSDJPXamCZfqYZkAY6mV5eLvwyGDCfyN35sPcG_DDQFIYBdoOhzkntTzUB7ADD2xxRHgRPyrKJ-Y/s320/Chamanga+satellite+map.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVt8GL0Nz_glW286RhHAoBqkn1xuBgPLM5kWq2euR7NLMKzhdxU2jKVa5IcmmoQFrobGR2VEEWiIiY8cwTcMazhl2ObOfmj9Gy6I1hO9-PqUL82WagzqbZUDcalTAGF2EL6PT26qP7xjU/s232/Chamanga+neighborhood.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="232" data-original-width="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVt8GL0Nz_glW286RhHAoBqkn1xuBgPLM5kWq2euR7NLMKzhdxU2jKVa5IcmmoQFrobGR2VEEWiIiY8cwTcMazhl2ObOfmj9Gy6I1hO9-PqUL82WagzqbZUDcalTAGF2EL6PT26qP7xjU/s0/Chamanga+neighborhood.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Help wanted for a Container-based Sanitation
Project in Ecuador</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
<span style="background-color: #fcff01;">(En español a continuación)</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the
fishing village of Chamanga, in the province of Esmeraldas, over 100
Urine-diverting Dry Toilets (UDDTs) have been built and there has been an
effort to establish a microenterprise to maintain them, but it lacks economic
sustainability up till now. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The goal is
to convert the fertilizer power of the urine to money to pay community members
to collect and process the excrement of all of the users. One complication is
that the local climate is dry and water for irrigation is very expensive, so we
would like to explore microalgae, macroalgae, or plants that can be raised in
ponds of seawater. One product could be carrageenan, which is a food additive
that is extracted from macroalgae. Another option may be to find productive
plants that thrive on pure urine, if any exist.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There are
numerous shrimp ponds around the town and these require large inputs of
nitrogen, so human urine, which is very rich in nitrogen, could potentially be
used for this, except that one would worry about the pharmaceuticals that
people consume and are excreted in their urine. (For example, what would birth
control pill chemicals do to the shrimp?) Filtering with biochar has been found
to remove many of these chemicals and maybe solar UV could destroy these
directly. The urine could also be used to fertilize microalgae that are later
fed to the shrimp, after the pharmaceuticals have hopefully broken down. (Waste
from fishing and shrimp, including shells and heads of shrimp and bones and
scales of fish, is abundantly available and may be a useful raw material for
different processes.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The village
has over 5000 residents, no running water, and no sewer. Low quality water is
brought by truck from the nearest river and sold by the tank. In my opinion, a
sewer would be counterproductive, as it would contaminate the Cojimíes Estuary
that the community depends on, even if there is wastewater treatment, which is
seldom effectively done in Ecuador. If this microenterprise is successful, it
could potentially finance the construction of UDDTs for the entire village, in
order to obtain more urine to fertilize with.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The project
to build these UDDTs was carried out by the Somos Ecuador Foundation and a
couple of small grants were received to try to get the maintenance operation
going, but it is still flailing. There had been a charge of US$ 0.75 per sack
of feces that was taken away, but in many cases the users could not even pay
this. In addition, collection was stopped at the beginning of the Coronavirus
Pandemic for the security of the workers. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Here is an
excellent video about this UDDT project: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-RuitT_WAY&t=30s<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">We would
like to invite PhD students who are looking for a research topic, long-term
volunteers (maybe for 6 months or a year), and donor organizations to focus on
this case. I also hope to be directly involved in getting this up and running.
Please contact: Chris Canaday, <a href="mailto:canaday2@gmail.com">canaday2@gmail.com</a>,
inodoroseco.blogspot.com<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: #fcff01;">////////<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #fcff01;">Se busca apoyo para
un Proyecto de Saneamiento Basado en Contenedores en el Ecuador</span><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">En el pueblo de pescadores de Chamanga, en la provincia de
Esmeraldas, se han construido más de 100 Inodoros Ecológicos Secos con
Separación de la Orina (UDDTs, por sus siglas en inglés) y ha habido un
esfuerzo para establecer una microempresa para mantenerlos, pero hasta ahora no
se logrado su sostenibilidad económica.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">La meta es convertir el poder fertilizante de la orina en
dinero para poder pagar unos miembros de la comunidad a recolectar y procesar
el excremento de los usuarios. Una complicación es que el clima local es seco y
el agua de riego es muy cara, por lo tanto quisiéramos explorar las microalgas,
macroalgas o plantas que podrán cultivarse en piscinas de agua marina. Un producto
podría ser el carragenano, que es un importante aditivo alimenticio extraído de
ciertas macroalgas. Otra opción podría ser la de encontrar una planta
productiva que pueda fertilizarse directamente con la orina pura, en caso que
exista aquella planta.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Alrededor del pueblo, hay muchas camaroneras mucha
fertilización con nitrógeno, entonces la orina humana, que contiene mucho
nitrógeno, podría servir para esto, solo que nos preocuparíamos de los fármacos
que las personas consumen y salen en la orina. (Por ejemplo, ¿qué efectos
tendrán los químicos de la píldora anticonceptiva sobre los camarones?) Se ha
demostrado que al filtrar la orina a través de biocarbón se puede quitar muchos
de estos químicos y quizás la luz ultravioleta del sol podría destruirlos
directamente. Por otro lado, se podría fertilizar las microalgas con la orina
y, después, darles de comer a los camarones luego de que (ojalá) se
descompongan los fármacos. (Desechos de la pesca y la industria camaronera,
como huesos, escamas, cáscaras y cabezas, son muy abundantes ahí y podrían
servir para diferentes procesos.)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Más de 5000 personas viven en Chamanga, no hay agua entubada
y tampoco alcantarillado. Unos camiones traen agua de mala calidad que venden
por tanque. En mi opinión, un alcantarillado sería contraproductivo, ya que
contaminaría el Estuario de Cojimíes, donde la comunidad pesca y crían
camarones, aun si se tratan las aguas servidas, lo que pocas veces se hace con
eficacia en el Ecuador. Si la microempresa tiene éxito, podría financiar la
construcción de UDDTs para todo el pueblo, con la finalidad de obtener más
orina para la fertilización.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">El proyecto para construir estos inodoros fue llevado a cabo
por la Fundación Somos Ecuador y se recibieron un par de pequeñas becas para intentar
de iniciar la microempresa, pero todavía está débil. Hubo un cobro de US$ 0.75
por saco de heces que se retira, pero muchos de los usuarios no lo podrían
pagar. Además, se paralizó la recolección al inicio de la pandemia de
Coronavirus, por la seguridad de los trabajadores.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Este excelente video describe el proyecto: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-RuitT_WAY&t=30s<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Quisiéramos invitar a estudiantes de PhD que están buscando
un tema de investigación, voluntarios de largo plazo (tal vez 6 meses o un año)
y organizaciones donantes para enfocar en este caso. También espero participar
directamente en el establecimiento y fortalecimiento de esta microempresa. Por
favor, contacten a Chris Canaday (<a href="mailto:canaday2@gmail.com">canaday2@gmail.com</a>,
inodoroseco.blogspot.com) para mayores informaciones.<o:p></o:p></p>Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-6968020019727505622018-04-02T15:51:00.000-07:002018-04-05T06:04:40.000-07:00Why wet sanitation is washed up, while dry is high and dry<div class="post-image" style="max-height: none;">
</div>
<div class="post-image" style="max-height: none;">
</div>
<div class="post-image" style="max-height: none;">
<div class="post-image" style="max-height: none;">
</div>
<div class="post-title-wrapper">
<h1 class="post-title ">
The Shitty State of Human Sanitation <br />(Part 1: The Problem<span style="font-size: small;">, originally published in 2013 in http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/water-sanitation/</span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Estoy traduciéndolo al español.</span></span>)</h1>
</div>
For Chekhovs Kalashnikovs very first interview on Change Makers,
we will be talking with Chris Canaday, a biologist from
California, about the broken and dangerous state of human and water
sanitation systems and the solution to this problem that is damaging our
environment and health. <br />
<img alt="chris-canaday-sanitation-toilets" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-315" height="200" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615060119im_/http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/chris-canaday-sanitation-toilets-300x200.jpg" width="300" /><b> </b><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: large;"><b>I
think that, before we talk about this revolutionary sanitation system,
it is important to touch on why the current system is broken. Can you
elaborate on how the contemporary western toilet came into being and the
devastating effect that it has had on the environment and our health?</b></span><br />
<br />
People in Europe used to live in total filth in their cities,
throwing their excrement out the window. Porcelain flush toilets had
been worked on for some time, but only in 1861, after her husband had
died of fecally transmitted typhoid, <a href="http://moreintelligentlife.com/content/ideas/flush-toilet-greatest-invention">Queen Victoria ordered flush toilets to be refined and installed in much of Britain.</a><br />
<br />
It is also reported that she was so obese that she had trouble
squatting and someone decided that it was not dignified for the queen to
squat. They gave her a new porcelain throne and then, via mass
psychology, all the Western World has wanted the same thing as the queen
of England, even if it is not good for them or their environment.<br />
<br />
The modern flush toilet has contributed greatly to the cleanliness of
cities, but has not really solved the problem, just moved it farther
away. Water always gets recycled and there are always more people living
downstream. Developed countries spend millions and probably billions of
dollars trying to clean up their wastewater, but never really succeed.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;">The modern flush toilet is largely based on the concept of “out
of sight, out of mind”. It is also a prime example of selfishness:
cleaning up the environment close to the user, while contaminating
everyone’s general environment. </span>
<br />
It is interesting to note that at the same time that Water Closets were being developed, <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/GU_P_QwlR1KuayjoaqJa1A">Earth Closets</a>
were, too. There was even one reportedly used in Buckingham Palace for a
while. Over time, Water Closets won out as the standard for Modern
Western Society, likely due to their ease of use and maintenance, as
long as piped water comes to the house and sewage goes away.<br />
<br />
Another key way in which the current, water-based sanitation system
is “broken” is that it is based on the illogical, unsustainable and
linear concept that natural resources should be used once and then
thrown away. Flush toilets not only throw away huge amounts of water,
but also all the nutrients found in the excrement.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;">With a simple push of a lever, we effectively deplete our
agricultural soils and contribute to the eutrophication of rivers, lakes
and oceans and, in them, the <a href="http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/named/msbasin/hypoxia101.cfm">formation of hypoxic dead zones</a>.</span></div>
<div class="post-image" style="max-height: none;">
If these nutrients were instead given back properly to the soil (and
if the population were stable), we could forget about the non-renewable,
unsustainable chemical fertilizers that are currently the basis of
Modern Western Society’s food production. Those who learn to recycle
these nutrients in an orderly way now will have every advantage in the
future when these chemicals run out, and when there are possibly 9
billion people on Planet Earth, all wanting to eat.<br />
<br />
Water is so essential and vital that we simply cannot live without
it. Nonetheless, modern homes in developed countries dump between 25 and
40% of their water down the toilet, and the number engineers use in
Ecuador is closer to 75%, given the high incidence of unmaintained
toilets through which water flows constantly. We need to promote a
culture of respect for water, as a source of life, which should never be
treated as a garbage dump.<br />
<br />
If these are not enough reasons to consider the current water-based
toilet to be broken, obsolete and illogical, please consider the
following unreliable, unhygienic and not-so-easy aspects of flush
toilets:<br />
<ul>
<li>They often need to be scrubbed after each use, if they are going to be presentable.</li>
<li>They frequently need to be flushed more than once for everything to go away.</li>
<li>They occasionally get plugged and need to be cleared with a plunger, with sewage splashing or overflowing out.</li>
<li>They make so much noise that everyone in the building can hear when they get flushed.</li>
<li>The great turbulence of flushing creates a plume of microscopic,
fecally contaminated water droplets that then land on everything in the
bathroom, <a href="http://ag.arizona.edu/media/archives/6.11.html">including the toothbrushes.</a></li>
</ul>
In the interest of full disclosure, flush toilets can be
somewhat ecologically and socially sustainable in places where water is
abundant, human settlement is dispersed, and the soil is absorbent, such
that septic tanks (for settling out the solids) and leach lines (=
drain fields; for allowing the contaminated water to absorb into the
soil) can work properly, at more than 16 meters from wells or streams,
and if the septic tank sludge is treated in reedbeds. </div>
<div class="post-image" style="max-height: none;">
<br />
Constructed wetlands are also important tools for treating
wastewater, but they require a fair amount of land. On top of this, who
knows how far all the different modern synthetic chemicals can travel in
the water and the soil? So, in summary, it is most prudent to not mix
our excrement in water from the beginning, especially if we have large
numbers of people grouped together in a city.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: large;"><b>So the reason Colon Cancer is skyrocketing in the Western
World today is because we aren’t completely clearing our bowels, thanks
to a custom-made invention for a morbidly obese queen?</b></span><br />
<br />
Yes, and not just colon cancer, but also constipation and
hemorrhoids. The natural position human beings have used when
defecating, over millions of years, since before we were people, has
always been squatting. In this position, the outlet is straight and the
body can eliminate its waste more easily, efficiently and completely.
When sitting, the outlet is not straight, certain muscles contradict
each other, one needs to push more, and not all of the feces come out,
so there is more constipation, hemorrhoids, and the colon never gets a
rest from being in contact with festering feces, <a href="http://www.toilet-related-ailments.com/benefits-of-squatting.html">causing a greater incidence of colon cancer</a>).<br />
<br />
Squatting has the added advantage that it is more hygienic,
especially with respect to women, since the user’s private parts do not
touch anything. (Most women apparently never actually sit on a public
toilet, but actually sort of hover above, which is much more
uncomfortable than squatting all the way down.) Also, the squatting
position is more accessible and intuitive for little children, since the
floor is the same height for everyone, while a toilet bowl made for
adults is much too big, uncomfortable and unsafe for them. Furthermore,
in Urine-diverting Dry Toilets (UDDTs), the squatting position allows
for a more certain separation of the urine and the feces, plus it is
easier and cheaper to build.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: large;"><b>In Ecuador, where does all the sanitation waste go? How much water is used and what effect does this have on the environment?</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<img alt="water-pollution-cartoon" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-346" height="265" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615060119im_/http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/water-pollution-cartoon.gif" width="400" /><br />
<br />
Almost all of Ecuadorian cities’ wastewater goes straight into rivers or
bays, except for Cuenca, Shushufindi, and a few other cases where
wastewater treatment is done.<br />
<br />
The amount of water is huge and the excrement’s nutrients fertilize
algae that end up dying and thus consuming the available oxygen in the
water, creating the eutrophication and hypoxic zones mentioned above.
But the biggest threat is that of pathogens in the water, which are
responsible for the majority of disease in the world. <br />
<br />
Many people have daily contact with rivers, for bathing, washing
clothes or drinking, even only minutes after others have defecated in
it, so it is obvious how disease can proliferate. Need more proof?
Check out this:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/1WERK7ycyIg/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1WERK7ycyIg?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
Human Sanitation in Bumbay, India
</div>
<br />
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><b>I can just imagine the collective shit and piss from the
hundreds of thousands of people living in Ecuadorian cities like Coca,
Tena, and Puyo flowing into these Amazonian Rivers. What I find scary
however is that this problem is not confined to Ecuador or even the
South American Amazon but is worldwide. </b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
</span><span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: large;"><b>What happens to communities that live on river banks, lakes,
and areas prone to flooding with respect to worms, bacteria, and
water-bourne diseases, like cholera that can be prevented with this
system?</b></span><br />
<br />
Yes, it is a discomforting thought, but the volume of shit is
actually much greater if we remember that the millions of people who
live in certain Andean cities in Ecuador, including Latacunga, Ambato,
Riobamba, Cuenca, and Loja, also dump their waste into Amazonian rivers.
Unfortunately, as you say, this situation is all too common in the
world, where 90% of wastewater goes into the environment without proper
treatment.<br />
<br />
Even in countries like the United States, where things are presumably
all under control, there are thousands of “sanitary accidents” every
year, in which untreated sewage goes straight into the environment.<br />
<br />
There are also numerous pharmaceuticals that cannot be removed from
the water via conventional methods, such as antibiotics,
antidepressives, and artificial hormones from birth control pills.<br />
<br />
In addition, the current system of trying to kill the germs in the
water with chemicals in one city, and the next downstream, and the next
downstream, is a recipe for these germs to get resistant to these
chemicals, especially if at the same time people are drinking and
bathing in other peoples antibiotics. This has generated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance">multiresistant strains of microbes that we cannot kill with chemicals</a> to heal the people who get sick with them , nor can we be sure to disinfect a swimming pool even by adding chlorine.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;">In terms of health, the worst thing about flooding is that everyone is in everyone else’s shit.</span>
<br />
This is an even bigger problem on the coast of Ecuador, where huge
areas get flooded, with millions of people being affected, and it is
getting worse with Global Climate Disruption. Urine-diverting Dry
Toilets (UDDTs), on the other hand, can simply be built above the
highest level of the flood waters.<br />
<br />
<br />
<img alt="Ascaris" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-361" height="205" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615060119im_/http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Ascaris-300x205.jpg" width="300" /><br />
<br />
One of the scariest results of all this fecal contamination, aside
from diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, poliomyelitis, hepatitis, and other
microbial diseases, <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/ascariasis/biology.html">is the high incidence of roundworms of the genus <i>Ascaris</i>,</a>
which infect about one-seventh of the world human population . There is
a reason that the word for disgust in Spanish, “asco”, is so similar:<br />
<ul>
<li>These can be almost as thick as a pencil and up to 40 cm long.</li>
<li>When babies are deparasitized, their diapers sometimes look like plates of noodles.</li>
<li>Adult female roundworms produce 200,000 eggs per day and these can be viable in shaded, moist soil for years.</li>
<li>The eggs do not just get swallowed and develop into adults in the
intestines. Instead, they have intermediate stages that navigate in the
host’s bloodstream, throughout the body. Eventually, they come out into
the alveoli of the lungs, get coughed up and swallowed, and only then
become adults.</li>
<li>Roundworm infection is a big factor in many children doing poorly in
school, since the worms consume so much of their food that little is
left for the kids’ brains.</li>
</ul>
In Part 2 of this article <b>Chris Canaday</b> will tell us about the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615060119/http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/human-waste-disposal/">solution to human waste disposal</a> and how it will solve much of the planets sustainability problems.<br />
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - <br />
</div>
<div class="post-title-wrapper">
<h1 class="post-title ">
The Shitty State of Human Sanitation <br />(Part 2: The Solution, <span style="font-size: small;">originally published in 2013 at www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/human-waste-disposal/</span>)</h1>
<div class="post-meta-wrapper" style="display: block;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<img alt="water-sanitation" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-217" height="225" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615021344im_/http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/water-sanitation-300x225.jpg" width="300" /><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">In
Part 2 of this interview about human waste disposal and water
sanitation Chris tells us the solution to all of the problems mentioned
in <a href="http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/water-sanitation/">Part 1: The Problem.</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: large;"><b>How did the new design for a sustainable human waste disposal system come into being?</b></span><br />
<br />
In the 1950s, before the regrettable Vietnam War, a team of
Vietnamese doctors analyzed why so many people were sick and how to
control this. They found a great number of people were collecting “night
soil” in buckets that were emptied in the morning directly in
agricultural fields, where people worked largely barefoot. <br />
<br />
The doctors realized that 90% of the fertilizer is in the urine
that transmits no disease when dispersed in the soil, while essentially
all the health risk is packaged with only 10% of the fertilizer in the
feces. The answer was to keep the urine separate and set it free on the
soil immediately, while jailing up the shit, until it is not shit any
more.
<br />
<img alt="Mr Shit and Ms Piss in English" class="alignright size-full wp-image-380" height="190" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615021344im_/http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Mr-Shit-and-Ms-Piss-in-English.jpg" width="266" /><br />
In their case, they applied a detention time of three months, plus they
added wood ash. This team that invented Urine-diverting Dry Toilets
(UDDTs) <a href="http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/Ecological_Sanitation_2004.pdf">was apparently anonymous</a>, although it would be good for credit to go where credit is due, and to know more about the process.<br />
<br />
UDDTs were later picked up by the Stockholm Environment Institute in
Sweden, as a solution for the abundant cabins out in the Swedish woods,
where running water is not feasible in the winter due to freezing, but
they would never accept that their many beautiful lakes get
contaminated.<br />
They also <a href="http://www.ecosanres.org/">actively promote</a> these as a means to improve the health and sanitation of billions of people in the world.<br />
<br />
I also suspect that certain ancient cultures had UDDTs, in particular
the densely populated Amazonian peoples that made Terra Preta do Indio
(Indian’s Black Soil, in Portuguese), until they were apparently
decimated by Old World diseases soon after the arrival of Europeans.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_preta">No one knows yet exactly how they made these deep, dark, rich, long-lasting, productive soils</a>,
in the midst of extremely poor, highly weathered, clayey Amazonian
lands, but I highly doubt that they were wasting the nutrients in their
feces while they were doing so.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/vUAEa4ORAkY/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vUAEa4ORAkY?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
”Documentary: The Secret of El Dorado”</div>
<br />
<img alt="improved sanitation system" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-290" height="208" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615021344im_/http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Dry-toilet-en-Arajuno.jpg" width="300" /><b> </b><br />
<span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: large;"><b>Can you explain how the design for this human waste disposal system works?</b></span><br />
<br />
It is very simple and seeks to follow the natural order of things.
The urine and feces that the body excretes separately are kept separate,
to be dealt with separately, since they are totally different things.<br />
<br />
The urine is caught in a funnel toward the front, since both men and
women pee forward, and it goes back to the soil and the plants, where it
transmits no diseases. (A bit of the urine from women may drip farther
back, but this small amount is not a problem.)<br />
<br />
Urine is normally sterile and there are only a handful of weird
diseases that it ever transmits, plus for that to happen it has to go
into rivers or contact the next person directly. The various microbes of
urinary tract infections and vaginal infections either get destroyed
rapidly in the soil or are natural inhabitants of the soil anyway. Many
of these come from the gut, but here they are in much smaller numbers
and are highly diluted, as compared to in the feces.<br />
<br />
In addition, sexually transmitted diseases <a href="http://faculty.ivytech.edu/~twmurphy/txt_202/Urog_inf.html">cannot live outside</a> of the body any significant amount of time.<br />
<img alt="Sit Right" class="alignright size-full wp-image-324" height="170" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615021344im_/http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Sit-Right.jpg" width="300" /><br />
<br />
Feces drop farther back, directly into alternately used chambers or
exchangeable receptacles and are covered immediately with dry cover
material, such as soil, wood ash, sawdust, rice hulls, or a mix of
these. They are then stored, protected from the rain, for at least six
months in tropical countries or a year in temperate countries, so that
all the disease organisms die and it all just becomes soil.<br />
<br />
In fact, all the worst diseases, like cholera, diarrhea and typhoid, <a href="http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/Ecological_Sanitation.pdf">are wiped out in a much shorter time</a>
and the guideline of six months or a year is so that intestinal worm
eggs, which are the most resistant pathogens but are much less
life-threatening, are also eliminated. Most victims of these worms do
not even know that they have them.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;">Shit is a temporary condition. After its jail sentence, it’s no
longer shit: we open the chambers or receptacles and find dark,
humus-rich soil, with no smell or health risk.</span><br />
<a class="image-box no-slideshow no-border" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615021344/http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/UDD-dry-toilet.jpg"><img alt="UDD-dry-toilet" class="alignright size-medium wp-image-234" height="225" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615021344im_/http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/UDD-dry-toilet-300x225.jpg" width="300" /></a>This
stands to reason, since our pathogens are adapted to living in water
without oxygen inside our guts, not in a pile of dry material,
especially if there is soil in the pile, with all of its bacteria,
fungus, protozoans and invertebrates.<br />
<br />
These soil organisms are entirely at home in such a pile, where they
eat and rip up anything that is over-abundant or out of place.<br />
<br />
After this jail sentence, we can also apply secondary treatments
involving heat, sun, earthworms or composting together with food scraps (<a href="http://www.ecomena.org/tag/thermophilic-composting/">especially thermophilic composting</a>), for extra peace of mind or to speed things up.<br />
<br />
We can build UDDTs for sitting or for squatting. In addition to all
the health benefits mentioned above for squatting, this also allows for
better separation of the urine and easier, less expensive construction.<br />
<br />
Modern Western People tend to suffer from a psychological disease
called fecophobia, which is an irrational fear of feces. Shit is a
normal part of life and there is no disease in it that the user did not
have from before, so, if the person is healthy, there is no health risk
in his or her shit, only an unpleasant smell to be controlled and
nutrients to be taken advantage of. If the user is sick, their pathogens
get destroyed in the UDDT, as long as it is being managed properly. <br />
<img alt="dry-toilet-sanitation" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-243" height="199" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615021344im_/http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/dry-toilet-sanitation-300x199.jpg" width="300" />There
can be a health risk if, in a multi-family system, some of the users
are sick and they are not using their UDDTs properly, such that some of
their feces get mixed into the urine, but this can be controlled by
storing the urine for a number of months (depending on the climate) or
distributing it below the surface of the soil, where no one will have
contact with it. The greatest health risk occurs when we do not think
rationally about this and do the irrational act of throwing it in the
river, where others can have contact immediately.<br />
<br />
UDDTs are literally a matter of loving and trusting Mother Earth, in
which we respectfully give back that which we no longer need, to let her
deal with it. If we turn back the clock on shit, we find delicious food
on the table. If we turn back the clock again (twice in the case of
meat), we find beautiful plants growing in the sunlight. One more click
and we see rich soil, so what is to keep it from becoming soil again, if
we turn the dial forward again?<br />
<br />
(Some commercial models do not use cover material, but rather have
electric fans to make sure the air is always going away from the user.
One of these is the Ecodomeo, which has a <a href="http://www.ecodomeo.com/funcionamiento/">pedal-operated conveyor belt that carries the shit away</a>)<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: large;"><b>The design has changed very little since the 1950’s. Have you
made any modifications to make it better suit the Ecuadorian Andes and
Amazon?</b></span><br />
<br />
My line of work has been aimed at making UDDTs as easy and
inexpensive to build as possible, while keeping user acceptance high.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;">In other words, my goal is for the building of a good dry toilet
to be more a matter of a paradigm shift than a big capital investment.
For this reason, I have found ways to build with readily available
materials, especially since factory-made units are mostly not available
in Ecuador.</span><br />
<br />
One of the biggest changes I made from the start was to distribute
the urine immediately via perforated hoses in the soil, instead of
storing the urine in jugs, to later dilute and apply it as fertilizer
among crop plants.<br />
<br />
Organic farmers looking for every bit of natural fertilizer for their
plants might be willing to do the latter, but the average user will not
want to deal with smelly, fermenting urine every few days. In most of
my designs, these hoses are buried 10 cm below the surface of the soil,
among productive plants, like fruit trees, that can put the nutrients to
good use.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;">In the interest of making UDDTs accessible to everyone, I published a paper in the Austrian online magazine, <a href="http://www.ecosan.at/ssp/issue-06-toilets/issue-06-toilets">Sustainable Sanitation Practice</a>,
on Simple UDDTs that may be built with recycled and other readily
available materials, such as disposable plastic bottles and wood: <b>Some of the models shown here cost close to nothing.</b></span> <br />
<br />
Another surprising innovation is the storage of feces in the
ubiquitous, woven, polypropylene plastic sacks used to sell rice, flour
and many other products. These make excellent receptacles for this use,
since humidity can evaporate out and oxygen can filter in, but flies,
smells and pathogens cannot get in or out.<br />
<br />
At first glance, people would imagine liquids oozing out, but they
never do, thanks to the dry and absorbent cover material. Also, these
sacks last for years and years, if they are not exposed to the sun’s UV
rays. One of the biggest advantages of using interchangeable containers,
like sacks, is that, at the first sign of any problems with smell or
flies, you can simply change the container and the problem is resolved
immediately. Another is that the feces get covered better in a small
container, as compared to a big chamber.<br />
<br />
One of the most practical ways to use these sacks is to place them as
liners of plastic bins, so the sacks are held open nicely and it is
easy to change them. It is also good to make holes in the bottom of the
bin, and have it propped up off the ground, to allow humidity to
evaporate out and for oxygen to get in, since all the worst smells
associated with latrines and sewer lines are generated by bacteria that
live in the absence of oxygen.<br />
<br />
Even more surprising for many, I have found that the finished compost
from this system is the best material to cover new shit. Many of the
right soil microbes are still there, likely in an inactive state (like
fungal spores and bacterial endospores), ready to jump back into action
when there is more shit (with its moisture) to have a party in.<br />
<br />
In this way, natural selection and the rapid evolution of microbes
are working in our favor, helping them get more efficient at breaking
down exactly our shit, in exactly the conditions we keep them in. In
contrast, the system of water-based toilets and trying to kill the germs
in a short time with chemicals is a recipe for evolution to produce
microbes that are more and more resistant to the chemicals used and that
are <a href="http://eee.columbia.edu/does-exposure-chemical-pollutants-anthropogenic-activities-increase-pathogenic-virulence">potentially more and more virulent in disease</a><br />
<br />
This recycling of cover material makes the operation of UDDTs much
more practical and inexpensive, especially in cities and isolated
locations, since new cover material does not need to be acquired and
transported constantly, nor does much of the finished compost need to
trucked away. That which does have to go would not have to go very far,
if neighbors, <a href="http://forum.susana.org/forum/categories/34-urine-diversion-systems-includes-uddt-and-ud-flush-toilet/2866-recycling-cover-material-in-uddts">nearby neighborhoods or nearby cities sign up for UDDTs</a> or if urban agriculture is being done.<br />
<img alt="OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-330" height="300" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615021344im_/http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Not-cake-but-old-feces-fed-on-by-fungus-1.jpg" width="400" /><br />
Another good reason to use the finished compost as cover material is
that it filters odors much more efficiently than most other materials,
removing and breaking down up to 99% of volatile organic compounds.<br />
<br />
It has also been shown to eliminate 75% of the reduced sulfur compound emissions that most contribute to the characteristic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces#Odor">aroma of shit</a> in a laboratory study of conditions similar to those of <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23362761">commercial composting operations</a> (Büyüksönmez et al. 2012, ), and up to 97% of the stench from landfills (<a href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16548526">Hurst et al. 2005</a>)<br />
<br />
There have been a couple of isolated cases of dogs or rats being
attracted by the odor and messing with the sack that is receiving the
feces, but only when sawdust was being used a cover material, not when
finished compost was being used (and this is another reason for the
plastic bin mentioned above).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/2C8XeRldZ00/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2C8XeRldZ00?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Hygiene Hypothesis of Disease</div>
Furthermore, there is research showing that children who grow up in
overly clean and disinfected homes, without contact with soil, have a
much higher incidence of asthma and allergies, since their immune
systems do not have anything to train on.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<img alt="family with better sanitation" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-301" height="276" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615021344im_/http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Tisaleo-family.jpg" width="300" /><br />
So, having soil-like decomposed feces in the bathroom as cover material
may well be a health benefit, instead of a health risk like one might
suspect, as long as we are certain that the actual pathogens have died
during its storage or treatment.<br />
<br />
Humans evolved in complete ecosystems, including all the normal
microbes, not in sterilized boxes, so it would make sense that bringing
more parts of the ecosystem into the city would make it healthier for
people.<br />
<br />
This is all the more reason to build green, living roofs and vertical
gardens on urban apartment buildings (and I have figured out how to do
this with disposable Coke bottles).<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: large;"><b>At the moment, you are working with Achuar communities to
implement this system. Has it been difficult to explain the
environmental and health benefits of this system? What are some of the
problems and breakthroughs you have had?</b></span><br />
<br />
Changing anyone’s toilet habits is an imminently cultural endeavor
and it is usually an uphill battle. People need to understand the
concept, but, almost more importantly, they need to see and smell that
UDDTs work.<br />
<br />
I have built UDDTs with a variety of ethnic groups here in Ecuador,
including mestizos, Kichwa, Shuar, Achuar, Waorani, and a little bit
among the Secoyas. Of these, the Achuar have, so far, shown the greatest
degree of acceptance. They are culturally very hygienic and
traditionally live in houses scattered widely out in the forest, so they
always had lots of forest to hygienically deposit their feces into.
They covered them with soil and leaves, where the ecosystem absorbs
them, without anyone else having contact with them.<br />
<br />
The Achuar have only had permanent contact with white people
starting in about 1970, when schools and landing strips began to be
built and they started settling fairly densely around these. <br />
It is also worth remembering that all the worst diseases were brought
by the Europeans and it is estimated that 90% of the indigenous people
in America <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns,_Germs,_and_Steel">died of those diseases</a> when Europeans first came to America.<br />
<br />
I think that potentially the Achuar have been quite concerned
about fecal contamination for the last several decades, since they
started living together in villages. Each family could be fairly certain
of its own health and not so certain of that of the others, but all the
children come together daily at the school and do their business behind
the same trees. Also, it is a matter of privacy, since some of the
villages are pretty large, with the houses fairly close to one another.<br />
<br />
When I explain UDDTs to them, I emphasize the fact that, with open
defecation in the woods, all these microbial enemies are set free, ready
to attack us at any moment, whereas, with a dry toilet, these enemies
are jailed up until they all die. They usually get the idea very
quickly, but it is still a process to get them to build and use them,
since old habits die slowly in any group of people.<br />
In the last year and a half, we have built 31 UDDTs in 15 Achuar
villages with the ACRA Foundation (of Italy) and the Chankuap Foundation
(of Macas, Ecuador), with support from the European Union and the <a href="http://gestiondesechossolidosamazonia.blogspot.com/">Municipality of Taisha </a><br />
<br />
Over several years, the Pachamama Foundation and I have built over 21 UDDTs in the Achuar villages of Pumpuentsa and Kurintsa, <a href="http://www.pachamama.org/news/photo-essay-building-a-dry-toilet-with-jungle-mamas">with a high degree of acceptance</a> <br />
<img alt="OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA" class="alignright size-full wp-image-378" height="208" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615021344im_/http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Omaere-squat-unit-with-purple-mesh-in-urine-funnel-and-red-cup-for-dry-material.jpg" width="300" />More
are being built all the time and volunteers are welcome to help with
this. As I write this, the Achuar village of Juyukamentsa is organizing
to build UDDTs for each of 16 families and I would like to find a
volunteer to help them, especially to contribute to good replication of
the design, wood preservation, and education about their proper use and
maintenance.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #ffe599; font-size: large;"><b>So if the Amazonian Achuar tribe can be convinced, could
your average Australian, European, or North American can be convinced as
well? Can you envision a time when the whole of humanity uses this
system or are our heads too far stuck up our collective asses to change
our behavior for the better?</b></span><br />
<br />
At first glance, this may seem like a system that is only applicable
for hippies, organic farmers, and Indians out in the woods, but, in
reality, it is a prime alternative for everyone who wants to be
civilized with their neighbors, future generations, and Nature. It is
also fully feasible in cities, especially if the relatively small amount
of shit is stored on-site during its jail sentence and is then recycled
as cover material, while the urine and excess soil is used locally in
urban agriculture. (Remember the vertical gardens I mentioned?)<br />
<br />
We can also greatly shorten the jail sentence by storing the shit in
solar ovens, potentially down to less than a day of good sun, since all
we need to kill fecal pathogens is 7 minutes at 70°C, 30 minutes at
65°C, 2 hours at 60°C, 15 hours at 55°C, or 3 days at 50°C. (<a href="http://forum.susana.org/forum/categories/70-composting-processes/3622-composting-with-hot-box-method-howard-higgins-system?limit=12&start=24">Feacham et al. 1983 and Strauch 1991, 1998, cited by Richard Higgins</a>)<br />
<br />
This is also more practical than cooking lunch in a solar oven, since untimely clouds do not make us put up with hunger.<br />
<br />
The trick is to make these toilets as easy-to-use and presentable as
possible. We currently ask users to add a cup of cover material after
each use, but they do not always remember to do so and they often do not
aim very well, spilling it into the urine funnel and around the toilet.
For this reason, mechanisms are being worked out to add the cover
material mechanically, such as in one project (that I was marginally
involved in) that works via a pedal:<br />
<br />
<br />
I even have a design in mind in which the user will not have to
remember to step on a pedal, nor would it involve electronic sensors.<br />
<img alt="volunteers at dry toilet " class="alignleft size-full wp-image-309" height="225" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615021344im_/http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Primer-Inodoro-Seco-de-Pumpuentsa-lavada-de-manos.jpg" width="300" />Another
factor is that many users will not want to deal with the shit and the
piss. This can be resolved by setting up service-provider companies that
come to homes and offices to change the containers, hygienically
process the contents, and (optimally) put the resulting fertilizers back
to work in their own agriculture.<br />
<br />
With these companies applying the final products in agriculture
themselves, this would increase the reliability that everything gets its
proper treatment, while converting it back to delicious fruits and
vegetables, which will be infinitely easier to market than the pee and
the poop.<br />
<br />
This nutrient recycling is logical and necessary if we want to have
sustainable agriculture and food security. An adult eats a lot of food,
but is not growing, so all the nutrients eventually come back out and,
if we give them back to our crop plants, they have exactly what they
need to make our food again (together with solar energy).<br />
<br />
In this way, we can forget about chemical fertilizers, if we also
have a stable population size. Of course, we have to eventually forget
about chemical fertilizers, because they come from non-renewable
sources.<br />
<br />
Commercial ammonia and urea, for nitrogenous fertilizer, are produced with natural gas from oil wells (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber-Bosch_process">as a hydrogen source to combine with nitrogen from the air</a>), and natural gas is already starting to run out, with the <a href="http://www.oilcrisis.com/bentley/depletionOverview.pdf">peak of production estimated to occur in 2020</a><br />
<br />
It is even estimated that half of the protein found in present-day
human beings was made with nitrogen originally fixed by this artificial
process, thus being one more case of fossil fuels subsidizing economic
and population growth.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615021344/http://www.nature.com/news/2009/091007/full/461716a.html">Phosphorus is also a finite, non-renewable, unreplaceable resource</a> and phosphoric rock extraction is estimated to peak around 2035, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615021344/http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-819-en-rosemarin-peak-phosphorus-manila-2010.pdf"> with reserves remaining mainly in Morocco</a> after that. </span><span style="background-color: cyan;">
</span><span style="background-color: cyan;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615021344/http://www.kidela.com/resources/peak-phosphorus-when-the-fertilizer-hits-the-fan/">Peak Phosphorous is the scariest thing you’ve never heard of.</a></span><br />
<br />
UDDTs are an important tool for combating <a href="http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/Ecological_Sanitation_2004.pdf">Global Climate Disruption</a>
more CO2 absorbed by fertilizing plants and trees,more carbon
sequestered into the soil by integrating organic matter,less methane
emitted by avoiding anaerobic fermentation of feces in water,less need
for chemical fertilizers (another big source of GHGs),less use of
petroleum for pumping and treating water,less need for cement for
building big sewers (since cement production is a big source of CO2.<br />
<br />
Improved water-holding capacity of soils, in the face of droughts,
easy construction above the high water line (or on a floating
structure), in the face of floods,less demand for precious clean water.<br />
<img alt="dry toilet sanitation system" class="alignright size-full wp-image-311" height="225" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615021344im_/http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Rio-Lelia-user-interface.jpg" width="300" /><br />
Many rule out the mainstreaming of these dry toilets, as they cannot imagine the <a href="http://www.phlush.org/2012/11/27/a-rough-history-of-sanitation-in-the-west/">masses changing their toilet habits</a>.
This sort of toilet is not for everyone, but it is for everyone who
wants to build a sustainable future for their children and those who do
not learn to recycle nutrients will eventually go the way of the
dinosaurs. <br />
<br />
The Chinese have been recycling nutrients into the soil for thousands
of years and this is one of the reasons they have had a continuous,
advanced culture for such a long time. Recycling animal and human dung
is <a href="http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2010/09/recycling-animal-and-human-dung-is-the-key-to-sustainable-farming.html"> the key to sustainable farming</a><br />
<br />
Of course, they have not always done so in such an organized way, but there are now <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_sanitation">more than a million modern UDDTs functioning in China</a><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;">I am convinced that more people can learn to do what cats do by
instinct: cover their shit with soil. Let’s keep water clean by keeping
shit dirty.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><b>Thank you so much for sharing your time and knowledge! To follow Chris Canaday and his team’s work, check out these websites:</b></span>
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><a href="http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/">http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/</a></span>
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615021344/http://omaere.wordpress.com/">http://omaere.wordpress.com/</a></span>Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-47124116552420244282017-05-05T06:29:00.000-07:002017-05-10T07:48:00.168-07:00Wurinatu -- un Urinario Público Florido para Mujeres / a Flowery Public Urinal for Women<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Scroll down for English.)</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Una <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">gran preocupación de las</span> mujeres es <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">la</span> privacidad en el momento de orinar. Otra es el riesgo de infecciones si el baño no está limpio. Peor si se tiene que orinar en un lugar público, donde no se sabe quién ha estado ahí con qué enfermedades ... y solo hay inodoros para sentado ... y la gran mayoría de las mujeres no quieren sentarse, por temor a los gérmenes. Además, les duelen los músculos de las piernas al orinar "<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">m<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">edias voladas</span></span>" encim<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">a de esos inodoros y no pueden <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">vaciar sus vejigas </span>tan completamente. Es un gran problema para la mitad de la población y<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, a continuación, sugiero una soluc<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ión.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBvf6Zn2KxT7fQKjM7bxAGLECF1p6O6xGAxil_u9ZcTGl36MkMoqjGTFa0sV2MZZO2JsLcGljSDm15bqsHHgWvcCJkx-kg6K7Ae_JO9J0L-EpUaI24MNzVu9ehIU-chBT2t7S5o7CaRWQ/s1600/Wurinatu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBvf6Zn2KxT7fQKjM7bxAGLECF1p6O6xGAxil_u9ZcTGl36MkMoqjGTFa0sV2MZZO2JsLcGljSDm15bqsHHgWvcCJkx-kg6K7Ae_JO9J0L-EpUaI24MNzVu9ehIU-chBT2t7S5o7CaRWQ/s400/Wurinatu.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;">El </span><b><span style="background-color: lime;">Wurinatu</span></b><span style="background-color: white;">
resuelve est<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">a situ<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ación</span></span> y permite a las mujeres orinar con
privacidad, menos olores y gérmenes y hasta en un entorno natural
florecido. Comparto esta idea con el mundo mediante una licencia de
"Bienes Creativos Comunes" (en particular, se debe reconocer mi autoría,
contarme cómo le va en su aplicación, avisarme de mejoras que se hagan y
negociar conmigo su uso comercial). <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> <br /><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons">https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons</a></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="background-color: lime;">Wurinatu</span></b> es una contracción de <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"Women urinate in nature"</span> </span><span style="font-size: large;">(Mujeres orinan en la naturale<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">za</span></span>)</span><span style="background-color: white;">, pero también suena como: "¡Wuu!<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Orina, tú.</span>", <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"Worry? Not you."</span>, <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">"Oui, nature."</span>, <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Vou urinar<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Tú?</span>"</span>, <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"Wow, urination is innate."</span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">y</span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"We're</span> ornato." (¿Suena como algo interesante en los idiomas que hablan ustedes?) </span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Consiste en:</span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Un tanque de 1000 o más litros, como los del transporte del concentrado de CocaCola.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Un césped, con el debido suelo, adaptado encima del tanque.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Paredes de plantas para privacidad y para proteger el tanque. Pueden ser de setos de arbustos o trepadoras sobre sombráculos. <span style="font-size: x-small;">(En caso de ser necesario, se podría incrementar otra es<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">tructura de pr<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ivacidad en la parte de af<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">uera.</span></span></span>)</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Gradas para subir.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Un embudo plástico de unos 25 cm diámetro, donde la mujer orina en cuclillas. <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Hemos usado esto<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">s en Inodoros Ecológicos Secos con Separación de la Orina éxitosamente <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">desde el año 2000</span>.</span>)</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Una malla plástica en la "garganta" del embudo para prevenir el ingreso de basuras.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Una manguera hasta el fondo del tanque, para que el olor no pueda regresar donde la usuaria.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Salida del aire apestos<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">o</span> debajo de la tierra de una jardinera, donde la tierra absorbe el olor y los microbios lo consumen.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Una Fuente a Pedal, hecho de una botella plástic<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">a<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">,</span></span> para lavar las manos, con el agua <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">regando</span> las flores <span style="font-size: x-small;">(véase <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">una a continuación</span>)</span>.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivR_AmNNujnMBhLfP_bZY7QBnZd09HHkI_Mc7TvhmHrg6Z6vz2lcKD8NoRzJ0jA9RbtGh__-xeLW-zFxz7EBSq46taV7zSlH64GHxlSpjdQLuWhaTFt8UukN6Rn6K7pL-ERx4bSAhzEGQ/s1600/pumpuentsa+tippy+tap.jpg.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivR_AmNNujnMBhLfP_bZY7QBnZd09HHkI_Mc7TvhmHrg6Z6vz2lcKD8NoRzJ0jA9RbtGh__-xeLW-zFxz7EBSq46taV7zSlH64GHxlSpjdQLuWhaTFt8UukN6Rn6K7pL-ERx4bSAhzEGQ/s320/pumpuentsa+tippy+tap.jpg.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Si hay agua entubada o un tanque, también podemos hacer algo similar para el lavado de manos con la válvula de inodoros de agua.)</span></span> </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Las ventajas incluyen:</span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Se puede bajar <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">complet</span>a</span>mente en cuclillas, para m<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ayor comodidad y, como es la posición más natural, permite vaciar más completamente la v<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">e<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ji<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ga</span></span></span></span> (y hay donde agarrarse para equilibrio).</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Más aire y menos olores, como no hay un techo. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Más luz (durante el día) y el sol ayuda a quemar microbios.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">La lluvia lo limpia (y la usuaria puede usar su paraguas o chaqueta</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">... y solo tienen que estar ahí un instante</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">).</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Cualquier salpi<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">cada de orina fuera del embudo es <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">absorbida y transformada <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">por el césped.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hay menos preocupación de patógenos fecales, ya que <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">es un sitio <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">únicamente para </span>la orinación <span style="font-size: x-small;">(y puede haber multas para l<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">as que defequen aquí</span>)</span>.</span></span></span></span> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Observación de colibríes y mariposas que <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">consumen un néctar mientras la mujer<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> emite otro</span></span>.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">No requiere conexión al agua entubada o al alcantarillado.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">1999 mujeres pueden orinar medio litro cada una antes de que se llene. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Las personas que caminan af<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">uera podrán escuchar si algo malo oc<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">urre adentro.</span></span> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Permite guardar la orina pura para luego extraerla para usar como fertilizante en la agricultura o<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> jardines</span> (incluso podemos agregar otros ingredientes para fermentar mejores fertilizantes, como </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="st">Nadia Andreev <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">hace en</span> Moldova</span>).</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">L<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">a orina es una gran fertilizante y conti<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ene el <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">9</span>0 % de los nutrientes que un ser humano emite. <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Su mayor constituye<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">nte, aparte de agua, es l<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">a urea, el principal fertilizante comercial. Este líquido dorado se extrae del <b><span style="background-color: lime;">Wurinat</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="background-color: lime;">u</span></b> mediante la llave en su parte inf<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">erior. Puede llevarse en canecas de 20 litros (colocadas en un pequeño<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> hueco en la tierra frente a la llave</span>) o un cami<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ón tanquero.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">La <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">menstruación</span></b> no es un problema. Se puede quitar cualquier sangre d<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">el embudo y del césped con una botell<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">a de agua en chis<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">g</span>uete (= atomiz<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">adora, rociadora</span>) que está amarrada a la estructura con<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> una cuerda <span style="font-size: x-small;">(y no está incluida en la ilustración)</span>. Las copas menstruales pueden vaciarse y enjuagarse en el embudo<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">; l</span>as mu<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">jeres pueden tra<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">er botellas de agua limpia de sus casas o us<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ar la misma botel<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">l<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">a de chisguete <span style="font-size: x-small;">(<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">según la ubicación y la población de usuarias</span>)</span>. Si hay agua entubada, se podría instalar una manguera ro<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ciadora, para estos <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">fines.</span></span> Toallas y tampones pueden dese<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">charse en el tacho de basura. <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">La mezcla de un poco de sangre en la orina no es un <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">inconveniente <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">en</span> su <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">uso como fertilizante:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<a href="http://forum.susana.org/172-urinals/11084-details-on-waterless-urinals-for-women-and-for-female-pupils-in-schools-in-africa#16140"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">http://forum.susana.org/172-urinals/11084-details-on-waterless-urinals-for-women-and-for-female-pupils-in-schools-in-africa#16140</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Estoy buscando dónde hacer el primer <b><span style="background-color: lime;">Wurinatu</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. En especial, pienso hacerlo en una universidad, colegio, escuela, estación de bus, parque, oficina, fábrica u otra concentración de mujeres. También, q<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">u<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">isiera encontr<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ar quién nos done o venda económicamente estos tanques. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Variantes:</span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Donde hay suficiente espacio, se podría hacer esto sin el tanque y las gradas, simplemente encau<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">z</span>ando</span> a una manguera perforada<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> unos</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 10 cm debajo de la superficie de la tierra, entre árb<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">oles frutales, plantas de banano, áreas de reforestación, etc. Podría estar al lado de la casa para mayor facilidad y se<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">guri<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">dad, aun en la ciudad, si hay un jardín lo suficientemente grande como para fertilizar.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">También tengo pensado cómo hacer esto en los <span style="background-color: #444444;"><span style="color: white;">metros</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> y otros lugares donde no<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> ha<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">y suficiente luz para las plantas. <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">En este caso, sería de hacer las paredes de privacidad de plástico traslucente hasta la altura <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">que sea necesaria y<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, de ahí hasta el tumbado<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, una malla. <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Al ser traslucente, los transeuntes y policías podrán ver que no ocurre nada m<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">alo<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> adentro, <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">además de lo que p<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">odrán escuc<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">har fácilmente por encima de las paredes. La malla p<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">rotegería a la usuaria de cosas que se lan<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">c<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">en por encima de las paredes. Podría estar abierto toda la noche, ya que no se presta<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">r<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ía para cometer cr<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ímenes. (Es<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">to es un gran problema en Nueva <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">York y muchas otras ciudades.</span></span>) Podríamos llamarlo un <span style="background-color: #999999;">"Wurinetro"</span> (<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Women urinate in the metro</span>).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Cuando <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">hay</span> la 'llamada de la naturaleza', <br /><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">es mejor estar rodea<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">da</span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">de</span></span></span> la naturaleza misma.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: lime;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Vean también este urinario más sencillo, pero muy efectivo:<br /><a href="http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/2015/12/un-nuevo-modelo-de-urinario-sin-agua.html">http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/2015/12/un-nuevo-modelo-de-urinario-sin-agua.html </a></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - </span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6xrR4NWqZlgXPr5P9ZoVzoVzzmR0xYIZe11HCy93KsyRmPsCQly5VV0XqedRW6NCGrKR7xNw7GRE9iz5RO0l85e_4dg1Sj7xYtQNe0PVja9xD7567GCCzFeFitXBbOJfmvA8nov0K8Wg/s1600/Wurinatu+English.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6xrR4NWqZlgXPr5P9ZoVzoVzzmR0xYIZe11HCy93KsyRmPsCQly5VV0XqedRW6NCGrKR7xNw7GRE9iz5RO0l85e_4dg1Sj7xYtQNe0PVja9xD7567GCCzFeFitXBbOJfmvA8nov0K8Wg/s400/Wurinatu+English.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Wurinatu</span></b></span></span></span></span></span>:</span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">a Flowery Public Urinal for Women</span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A major concern for women is privacy when
urinating<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span>Another is th<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">e</span> risk of infections, if the bathroom is not clean. Even worse, if you have to go when you are out in a public toilet, where w<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ho knows who has been there with who know<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">s what disease ... and there are only sit-down toilets ... which most women do not want to even touch, for fear <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">of germs. In add<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ition, it hurts their thigh muscles to "hover" over those toilets and they cannot empty their bladd<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ers completely. This is a big problem for half of the population, and here I suggest a solution.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">The </span><b><span style="background-color: lime;">Wurinatu</span></b><span style="background-color: white;"> solves all these <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">problem<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">s and le<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ts women pee in privacy, with few<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">er odors and germs, and even in a natur<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">al, flowery place. I <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">share this idea with the world via a "Creative Commons licen<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">se" (in which my authorship should be recognized, I should be told how things go with it<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">s application, be<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> advised of any improvement<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">s <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">that are made, and any commercial use needs to be negociated with me</span></span></span></span>).<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_license"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_license</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="background-color: lime;">Wurinatu</span></b> is a contraction of </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">"Women urinate in nature"</span><span style="background-color: white;">, but it also sounds like</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white;">: <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"¡Wuu!<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Orina, tú.</span>"</span>, "Worry? Not you<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">!</span>", <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">"Oui, nature."</span>, <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Vou urinar<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Tú?</span>"</span>, "Wow, urination is innate.", and "We're <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ornato</span>." <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Does it sound like anything interesting in the languages you speak?)</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It consists of:</span></span></span><br />
<ul><span style="background-color: white;">
</span>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A 1000-liter plastic tank (a<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">n IBC, intermediate bulk container</span>), like is used to transport CocaCola extract.</span></span></span></span></li>
<span style="background-color: white;">
</span>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A lawn, with its respective soil, on top of the tank.</span></span></span></span></li>
<span style="background-color: white;">
</span>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Privacy walls of hedges or vines on trell<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">i</span>ses. <span style="font-size: x-small;">(If needed<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">an additional</span> privacy</span> structure could be added to the outside.) </span></span></span></span></span></li>
<span style="background-color: white;">
</span>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Steps.</span></span></span></span></li>
<span style="background-color: white;">
</span>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A plastic funnel of about 25 cm diam<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">eter, <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">where the woman c<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">an urinate squatting. <span style="font-size: x-small;">(<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">W</span>e have been successfully using <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">these in Urine-diverting Dry Toilets for 17 years.</span>)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<span style="background-color: white;">
</span>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A pl<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">astic mesh folded into the "throat" of the funnel to keep junk out.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A hose that reaches to the bo<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ttom of the tank, so that odor cannot come back toward the user.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<span style="background-color: white;">
</span>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The smelly <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">air<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> that comes out of the tank filters through the soil of the flower planter, where microbes consume the <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">malodorous</span> substances<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<span style="background-color: white;">
</span>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A TippyTap</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> for hand-washing</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, made from a plas<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">tic bott<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">le, with the water irrigating the flowers underneath. <span style="font-size: x-small;">(See below</span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">.)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-eAdFF0HL-bSNsOu4_heXESgSQu12VRewqDIYPiX2IKLJ1RCxRLJnwGAhIVRbwta35vDu5S7wSXbmM3D3pw1cBOJoTRowZTc4fZVy8Xmoh_am-T1Xd2q806LHXN1vekI5Gyaoo8W8wrc/s1600/pumpuentsa+tippy+tap.jpg.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-eAdFF0HL-bSNsOu4_heXESgSQu12VRewqDIYPiX2IKLJ1RCxRLJnwGAhIVRbwta35vDu5S7wSXbmM3D3pw1cBOJoTRowZTc4fZVy8Xmoh_am-T1Xd2q806LHXN1vekI5Gyaoo8W8wrc/s320/pumpuentsa+tippy+tap.jpg.jpg" width="320" /></a> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(If there is piped water or a water tank, we can also arrange something similar for hand<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-wa<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">shing</span></span> with the valves from flush toilets.)</span> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Advantages include</span>:</span></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Women can squat all the way d<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">own, which is more comfortable and, since this is the most natural position, it allows the complete drainage of the bladder. (The<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">re is also some<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">where to hold on to for equilibrium</span></span>)</span></span>.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">More air<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> and less sm<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ell, as there is no roof. </span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">M<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ore light (during the day</span>) and the sun helps to kill microbes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Rain cleans it </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">and </span>people can continue to use their umbre<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">llas and jackets ... <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">plus</span> they only need to be there for a moment.</span>)</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Any misdirected urine gets absor<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">bed and trans<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">formed by the la<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">wn.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Less concern about fecal pathogens, sin<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ce this is a place only for urination <span style="font-size: x-small;">(and there can be fines for those who defecate here)</span>.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The wom<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">an</span></span> can watch hummingbirds and butterflie<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">s drink one <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">nectar while</span></span> she emits another.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">No need for piped water or sewer lines.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1999 women can each pee half a liter before it fills. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">People walking outside can hear if anything bad is happ<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ening inside.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The stored ur<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ine can be used as fertilizer in agriculture or gardens. (It can even be fermented right here with other ingredients to make an even better fertilizer<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, like Nadia Andreev<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> does in Moldova.</span></span>)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Urine is a great fertilizer and h<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">olds 90% of the nutrien<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ts that humans emit. The most a<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">bunda<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">nt subst<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ance in it<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, aside from water, is urea, which is the nu<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">mber one commercial fertilizer<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. This golden liquid is removed from the <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: lime;">Wurinatu</span></b> through its valve near the bottom. This could be via 5<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-gallon jugs (that we can put in a small hole in the ground) or a tank truck.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Menstration</span></b> is not a problem. Any blood on the funnel or the lawn can be washed away using a spray bottle tied to the structure with a string <span style="font-size: x-small;">(not shown in the drawing)</span>. Menstrual cups can be emptied and rinsed into the funnel, and women can bring bottles of clean water from home for this or the same spray bottle could be used <span style="font-size: x-small;">(depending on where the unit is and who the users are)</span>. If there is piped water, a spray hose can also be installed for this. Disposable pads and tampons can be thrown in the trash bin. A little bit of blood in the urine does not impede its use as fertilizer:<br /><a href="http://forum.susana.org/172-urinals/11084-details-on-waterless-urinals-for-women-and-for-female-pupils-in-schools-in-africa#16140">http://forum.susana.org/172-urinals/11084-details-on-waterless-urinals-for-women-and-for-female-pupils-in-schools-in-africa#16140</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I am looking <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">for the first place to bu<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ild a <b><span style="background-color: lime;">Wurinatu</span></b>. I am especially interested in doing i<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">t</span> at a university, high school, grade school, bus station, park, office, factory, or any other concentration of women or girls. I would also like to fin<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">d someone who can donate</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> these tanks</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">(or sell them to us at</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> a low </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">price)</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Varia<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">tion</span>s o<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">n this theme</span>:</span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If there is enough<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> space, this could be done with<span style="background-color: white;">out the tank and steps,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> by simply </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">distributing the urine in the soil via a perforated hose<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span>buri</span>ed 10 cm below t<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">he surface, among fruit trees, banana plants, <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">reforestation, etc. This can be right next to the house, for more ease and security, even in the city, if there is a big enough garden to fe<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">rtilize.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">n</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #444444;">subways</span></span> and other places without enough light for the plants, the privacy wall<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">s could be made with tr<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">anslucent pla<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">stic that is just as high as necessary, with <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">mesh reaching all the way to the c<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">eiling. The translucency would allow <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">passersby <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">a<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">nd police to see if anything bad is happening inside, plus they hear easily over the walls. The mesh would protect t<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">he<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> user f<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">rom things being thrown over the wall. It could be kept open all night, since it would not lend it<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">self to crime, thus very important in New York City <span style="font-size: x-small;">(NYC)</span> and many other cities. <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We</span> could call<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> it</span> a <span style="background-color: #999999;">"Wurinetro"</span> (Women urinate in the metro).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When nature calls, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">we want to be surrounded by nature</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<ul>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Also see this simpler, but very effective, urinal:</span><br />
<a href="http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/2015/12/un-nuevo-modelo-de-urinario-sin-agua.html"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/2015/12/un-nuevo-modelo-de-urinario-sin-agua.html</span></a><br />
<ul>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<br />Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-13225741833114994092017-04-24T08:33:00.000-07:002017-04-24T08:33:45.161-07:00Seasteading<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">(Scroll down for English.) </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: lime;">Seasteading</span> es una nueva palabra que quiere decir "colonización del mar". Es la idea de hacer ciudades sostenibles en el mar que son armónicos con el ecosistema marino. Estoy en conversaciones con el Instituto de Seasteading para ayudarles a implementar el saneamiento más sostenible que sea posible. Mis principales sugerencias son:</span></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> los <span style="background-color: lime;">Inodoros Ecológicos Secos con Separación de la Orina</span> (véanse Wikipedia y este blog; tengo un nuevo diseño para aplicarlos en edificios altos que publicaré pronto aquí) y/o </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: lime;">Reciclaje en Ciclo Cerrado del Agua de Arrastre</span> (<a href="http://forum.susana.org/forum/categories/40-greywater-blackwater-or-wastewater-reuse-irrigation-aquaculture/11393-closed-loop-recycling-of-flush-water-through-abr-and-constructed-wetland">http://forum.susana.org/forum/categories/40-greywater-blackwater-or-wastewater-reuse-irrigation-aquaculture/11393-closed-loop-recycling-of-flush-water-through-abr-and-constructed-wetland</a>)</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Hay un <span style="background-color: lime;">nuevo libro</span> sobre esto que les puede gustar (en inglés):</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: #202020; line-height: 115%;"> <a href="http://seasteading.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=faa1ed30f301e2afce67eac86&id=685c133064&e=0d5e76abeb" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2baadf;">Seasteading: How Floating Nations
Will Restore the Environment, Enrich the Poor, Cure the Sick, and Liberate
Humanity from Politicians</span></a>. </span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Se puede leer partes del libro aquí:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Seasteading-Floating-Environment-Liberate-Politicians/dp/1451699263#reader_1451699263">https://www.amazon.com/Seasteading-Floating-Environment-Liberate-Politicians/dp/1451699263#reader_1451699263</a></span></span></span><br />
<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjxeF7WcrTyspOL3kQ8p31YZqPqD1cyL3r5BlqhLUPRoHAVNpCUvIjR3BYOkj6060qsZfHU_dDluTwUT787obeat5xVhCaMXBLjD9KwG147WOJ1B_K0T8y8AKuc31QeBJjNpq_C4mg3LU/s1600/Seasteading+Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjxeF7WcrTyspOL3kQ8p31YZqPqD1cyL3r5BlqhLUPRoHAVNpCUvIjR3BYOkj6060qsZfHU_dDluTwUT787obeat5xVhCaMXBLjD9KwG147WOJ1B_K0T8y8AKuc31QeBJjNpq_C4mg3LU/s1600/Seasteading+Logo.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkE-DcbR6MgaV3RBxYh9NnOywqsL8EMikM2RRV2XIZNGvVSIkRgbNmbYKxPEBJN9IFykwYrZeF2Lo1QE0cKrDi7qCRrTWpP4Pg8zTCOQ_RIXUtm1xYGLLEAcwsQk05-Jpo9y-gzkWQCQ4/s1600/Seasteading+Concept.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkE-DcbR6MgaV3RBxYh9NnOywqsL8EMikM2RRV2XIZNGvVSIkRgbNmbYKxPEBJN9IFykwYrZeF2Lo1QE0cKrDi7qCRrTWpP4Pg8zTCOQ_RIXUtm1xYGLLEAcwsQk05-Jpo9y-gzkWQCQ4/s320/Seasteading+Concept.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: lime;">Seasteading</span> is the idea of building sustainable, eco-friendly cities
out in the ocean. I am in conversations with the Seasteading Institute
on how they can implement the most sustainable sanitation possible. My
main suggestions are to do: </span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: lime;">Urine-diverting Dry Toilets</span> (see
Wikipedia and this blog; I have a new design for adapting UDDTs to
mult-story buildings, which I will publish here soon) and/or </span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: lime;">Closed-loop Flushwater Recycling</span> (<a href="http://forum.susana.org/forum/categories/40-greywater-blackwater-or-wastewater-reuse-irrigation-aquaculture/11393-closed-loop-recycling-of-flush-water-through-abr-and-constructed-wetland">http://forum.susana.org/forum/categories/40-greywater-blackwater-or-wastewater-reuse-irrigation-aquaculture/11393-closed-loop-recycling-of-flush-water-through-abr-and-constructed-wetland</a>). </span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">There is a <span style="background-color: lime;">new book</span> out on Seasteading that you may like to read:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #202020; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <a href="http://seasteading.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=faa1ed30f301e2afce67eac86&id=685c133064&e=0d5e76abeb" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2baadf;">Seasteading: How Floating Nations
Will Restore the Environment, Enrich the Poor, Cure the Sick, and Liberate
Humanity from Politicians</span></a>. </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">You can read excerpts here:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Seasteading-Floating-Environment-Liberate-Politicians/dp/1451699263#reader_1451699263">https://www.amazon.com/Seasteading-Floating-Environment-Liberate-Politicians/dp/1451699263#reader_1451699263</a></span></span>Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-1082723396097727962017-01-08T03:45:00.000-08:002017-01-08T03:45:40.056-08:00Sugerencias para Saneamiento Sostenible / Suggestions for Sustainable Sanitation<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Actualicé mis Sugerencias para Saneamiento Sostenible en la reconstrucción de la zona del terremoto en Ecuador ... y las traduje al inglés. Ahora tratemos de ponerlas en práctica, aquí y en el otros lugares.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://issuu.com/chriscana/docs/sugerencias_para_saneamiento_sosten">https://issuu.com/chriscana/docs/sugerencias_para_saneamiento_sosten</a><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">I updated my Suggestions for Sustainable Sanitation for the reconstruction of the Ecuador earthquake zone ... and I translated them into English. Now let's try to put them into practice, here or wherever.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://issuu.com/chriscana/docs/suggestions_for_sustainable_sanitat">https://issuu.com/chriscana/docs/suggestions_for_sustainable_sanitat</a><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">I also invite you to have a look at my comments on California's draft concerning Direct Potable Reuse (which I would call Toilet-to-Tap):</span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://issuu.com/chriscana/docs/comments_on_dpr_draft_document">https://issuu.com/chriscana/docs/comments_on_dpr_draft_document</a>Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-25871073610585939872016-10-13T06:58:00.000-07:002016-10-14T19:02:52.701-07:00Foro sobre Saneamiento Sostenible en Habitat III / Sustainable Sanitation Forum at Habitat III, Quito<span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">Invito
a todos a nuestro Foro sobre Saneamiento Sostenible en el ámbito de
Habitat III, este miércoles, 19 de octubre, en la Universidad Católica
de Quito. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">Everyone is invited to this Forum on Sustainable Sanitation during Habitat III, Wednesday Oct 19.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">PUCE living campus, </span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">Edificio de Profesores, Salón Social</span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">HABITAT III FORO Saneamiento Sostenible</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"><br /> </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">PROGRAMA <span style="background-color: cyan;">(Scroll down for English)</span><br /> 14h30– Bienvenida e introducción<br /> 14h45 –Chris Buckley,<br /> Director del Pollution research group, Universidad de KwaZulu-Natal, África del Sur<br /> <span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="font-size: large;">Investigación y desarrollo sobre saneamiento en el mundo</span></span><br /> 15h10 –Stefan Reuter<br /> Director de la ONG BORDA, Alemania<br /> <span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="font-size: large;">Retos y soluciones innovadoras para saneamiento corriente como un servicio regular a los ciudadanos de ciudades vivibles</span></span><br /> 15h35 –Andres Alvarado<br /> Director del Centro de saneamiento ambiental iDRHiCA, Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador<br /> <span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="font-size: large;">Pequeños sistemas decentralizados de tratamiento de agua residual en Ecuador: problemática y oportunidades</span></span><br /> 16h00 –<span style="background-color: yellow;"><a class="profileLink" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=714918670" href="https://www.facebook.com/ccanaday1">Chris Canaday</a> </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><---- br=""> Biólogo, promotor de saneamiento ecológico y master en conservación y desarrollo en América Latina<br /> <span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="font-size: large;">Innovaciones para saneamiento ecológico en edificios altos</span></span></----></span><br /> 16h25 –Nicolas Salmon<br /> Director de YES Innovation, Ecuador<br /> <span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="font-size: large;">El Proyecto INNOQUA – Sistemas innovadores de saneamiento autónomo y biológico para el ahorro de agua y de recursos – y sus aplicaciones en Ecuador y América Latina</span></span><br /> 16h50 –Conclusión</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span class="text_exposed_show">PROGRAM <br /> 14h30 –Welcome and introduction<br /> 14h45 –Chris Buckley,<br /> Director of the Pollution research group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa<br /> <span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="font-size: large;">Research and development in sanitation worldwide</span></span><br /> 15h10 –Stefan Reuter<br /> Director of the NGO BORDA, Germany<br /> <span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="font-size: large;">Challenges and innovative approaches to <br /> mainstream sanitation as regular services to citizens </span></span><span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="font-size: large;">in liveable cities.</span></span><br /> 15h35 –Andres Alvarado<br /> Director of the environmental sanitation center iDRHiCA, <br /> University of Cuenca, Ecuador<br /> <span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="font-size: large;">Small and decentralized wastewater treatment systems in Ecuador: <br /> issues and opportunities</span></span><br /> <span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">16h00 –<a class="profileLink" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=714918670" href="https://www.facebook.com/ccanaday1">Chris Canaday</a></span><---- br=""><span style="background-color: cyan;"> </span></----></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span class="text_exposed_show"><span style="background-color: lime;"><---- br=""><span style="background-color: cyan;">Biologist, promotor of ecological sanitation and master in conservation and development in Latin America</span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;">Innovations for ecological sanitation in high-rise buildings</span></----></span><br /> 16h25– Nicolas Salmon<br /> Director of YES Innovation, Ecuador<br /> <span style="background-color: lime;"><span style="font-size: large;">The INNOQUA project -Innovative bio-based on-site sanitation system for water and resource savings – and its application in Ecuador and Latin America</span></span><br /> 16h50 –Conclusion</span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.wix.com%2Fugd%2Fa488b6_a3882982ee164ce6845b38c58190fd1f.pdf&h=aAQHL8LwFAQGlPGCg9syv46rY8hyska2UPZ7JnMVBjgUG4g&enc=AZMC_3ICSSnLymIzNg8CT6oeaeJ0VL9Zv3ahDhysTMYevtIkbluMsJkD9T_BScQpbLYzhcOdcX-AtE5L1OzwcAv9NlYW9uRc7VfcqjQaexCNJQUN8d4FVmzla-tdQowGE-K753OYclLCbM7Z3awdxKAF_0R8N7MkXFet4GELALgzGCbtPZrS9mxZNedrFUZO75I&s=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://media.wix.com/…/a488b6_a3882982ee164ce6845b38c58190f…</a>Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-8033031174029956842016-08-05T18:20:00.003-07:002017-01-08T04:04:45.282-08:00Sugerencias para Saneamiento Sostenible en la reconstrucción de Manabí y EsmeraldasLes invito a leer el siguiente documento sobre maneras de incrementar la sostenibilidad en el saneamiento de esta reconstrucción, luego del terremoto de 16 de abril de 2016:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://issuu.com/chriscana/docs/sugerencias_para_saneamiento_sosten_6f45d7b54d2832">https://issuu.com/chriscana/docs/sugerencias_para_saneamiento_sosten</a><br />
<br />
Hay más información sobre estas técnicas en los siguientes videos. Si tienen contactos con los canales de televisión en la zona, por favor pídanles a transmitirlos.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLvBe4CpoHJD9ZUvtzGKc7czAuMwj2T0Fi">https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLvBe4CpoHJD9ZUvtzGKc7czAuMwj2T0Fi</a><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Check out these ideas of how to improve the sustainability of sanitation in the reconstruction after the April 16, 2016 earthquake.</span></span>Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-19529626223926337072016-06-18T20:22:00.000-07:002016-06-18T20:22:15.200-07:00Ideas ecológicas para controlar la contaminación de un camal / Eco ideas to control slaughterhouse pollution<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Bien. No se trata de inodoros secos, pero sigue siendo Saneamiento Ecológico, ya que aprovecha el material como recurso y se aplican procesos naturales. ¿Puede alguien, por favor, ayudarme a convencer al alcalde de Puyo y al resto del mundo?</span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://issuu.com/chriscana/docs/ideas_para_el_camal_de_puyo.docx"><span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">http://issuu.com/chriscana/docs/ideas_para_el_camal_de_puyo.docx</span></a><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">OK. This Spanish-language document is not about dry toilets, but it still is EcoSan, since the materials are treated as resources and natural processes are applied. Can anyone, please, help me convince the mayor of Puyo and the rest of the world?</span></span>Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-86931712074655082552016-06-18T19:50:00.000-07:002017-01-08T03:55:35.966-08:00Un nuevo inodoro seco portátil / A new portable UDDT<div class="_5pbx userContent" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="js_b2">
<div class="text_exposed_root text_exposed" id="id_5765fb86abdd75498345797">
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Scroll down for English) </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Durante la ayuda humanitaria en la zona del terremoto en Manabí (Ecuador), con Proyecto Amor 7.8, desarrollamos un <span style="background-color: yellow;"><b>Inodoro Ecológico Seco con Separación de la Orina
que es portátil</b></span> y solo requiere un palet de transporte, un poco de lona
publicitaria, unas botellas plásticas y unos saquillos. Puede estar en
la misma carpa de los damnificados y lo pueden llevar con ellos cuando
van a sus casas permanentes. Luego de reunirla en un urinario hecho de 2 botellas, se dispersa la orina en el suelo, como
fertilizante seguro y efectivo, mientras los sac<span class="text_exposed_show">os
de <span style="color: #783f04;">heces</span> son guardados protegidos contra el sol y la lluvia durante al
menos 6 meses, o enterrados al menos un año (ya que estamos en el
Trópico, doble el tiempo en EE.UU, Europa, Argentina y Chile).</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="text_exposed_show">Con cada uso, se bota una taza de tierra encima de las <span style="color: #783f04;">heces</span>. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="text_exposed_show">El urinario sale para arriba, el tacho con el saco de <span style="color: #783f04;">heces</span> sale del costado. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Este modelo es sumamente práctico, económico y fácil de construir. </span></span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="text_exposed_show">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">In the humanitarian relief in earthquake zone of Manabí, Ecuador, with Proyecto Amor
7.8, we developed a <b><span style="background-color: lime;">portable Urine-diverting Dry Toilet</span></b> that only
requires an old transport pallet, some billboard cloth, some plastic
bottles and some plastic gunny sacks. It can be used in victims' tents
and they can take it with them when they move back into their permanent
homes. After collection in a portable urinal made from 2 plastic bottles, the urine is dispersed on the soil as a safe and effective
fertilizer, while the sacks of <span style="color: #783f04;">feces</span> are stored protected from the sun
and rain for at least 6 months, or buried in the ground for at least a
year (as we are in the Tropics, double in the Temperate Zone).</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">After each use, the<span style="color: #783f04;"> feces</span> are covered with a cup of soil. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">The urinal comes out upward and the bin that holds the sack of <span style="color: #783f04;">feces</span> comes out the side. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">This model is very practical, inexpensive and easy to build. (Sort of a DIY version of MoSan.)</span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="_3x-2">
<div data-ft="{"tn":"H"}">
<div class="mtm">
<div class="_2a2q" style="height: 487px; width: 487px;">
<a class="_5dec _xcx" data-ft="{"tn":"E"}" data-render-location="timeline" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10153644572218671&set=pcb.10153644600043671&type=3" id="u_jsonp_16_b" rel="theater" style="height: 324px; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 487px;"></a><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeESMIWHXEfIpvpuUVGSV5s6gRWUY_gnUw1VN0qkOT5r7CK4eSqiNf3m6a28Gjsad71Mkep4VidWQLf-LnPtEDaZcCj6MqlKtd5kRAgxvWJF7Q-ANGWLg77opi9TQ0O0lY_-twO-TrRgI/s1600/New+portable+UDDT.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeESMIWHXEfIpvpuUVGSV5s6gRWUY_gnUw1VN0qkOT5r7CK4eSqiNf3m6a28Gjsad71Mkep4VidWQLf-LnPtEDaZcCj6MqlKtd5kRAgxvWJF7Q-ANGWLg77opi9TQ0O0lY_-twO-TrRgI/s1600/New+portable+UDDT.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTF1pCuAi6QyL9nURjcOsKppDopHmBOBiSxvT1bIgBfOfweqJKBWkwSITQ-UKCbKGB3lYds7_O06sjWodseO-NgPGiaQzs8XdUqVoMs88yMSYs1V_czJCwq7X5Cj_sgyFoLO16XEktQZI/s1600/foto0501.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTF1pCuAi6QyL9nURjcOsKppDopHmBOBiSxvT1bIgBfOfweqJKBWkwSITQ-UKCbKGB3lYds7_O06sjWodseO-NgPGiaQzs8XdUqVoMs88yMSYs1V_czJCwq7X5Cj_sgyFoLO16XEktQZI/s320/foto0501.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGYHws_u9VqTB5zrtfbUd0qxMeLMoeADNfqoxavDiUAZ2tBO64vtpQ2kz-ndjMysaO00kA5Rby6i_eDrfv47oFfNd_piwD_4ZZq0qn3V4FQToqTKaWdJ9n_evgDaWMAsuc53ET6_SuMjA/s1600/foto0514.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGYHws_u9VqTB5zrtfbUd0qxMeLMoeADNfqoxavDiUAZ2tBO64vtpQ2kz-ndjMysaO00kA5Rby6i_eDrfv47oFfNd_piwD_4ZZq0qn3V4FQToqTKaWdJ9n_evgDaWMAsuc53ET6_SuMjA/s320/foto0514.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-BLjqD3u6WbZenz48VwjeNKO560Z5TNani-BRrBFe35ypOkiNbrK3-7kq4NV-1vIltlTrvl3biT_NzBgKAa937qicX0VwABVuROQhb7zL6xTmcIDqGA-icfjLlIXhDSenel0owMrGXv4/s1600/foto0498.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-BLjqD3u6WbZenz48VwjeNKO560Z5TNani-BRrBFe35ypOkiNbrK3-7kq4NV-1vIltlTrvl3biT_NzBgKAa937qicX0VwABVuROQhb7zL6xTmcIDqGA-icfjLlIXhDSenel0owMrGXv4/s320/foto0498.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="uiScaledImageContainer" style="height: 324px; width: 487px;">
<br /></div>
<a class="_5dec _xcx" data-ft="{"tn":"E"}" data-render-location="timeline" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10153644573358671&set=pcb.10153644600043671&type=3" id="u_jsonp_16_c" rel="theater" style="height: 161px; left: 0px; top: 326px; width: 162px;"></a><br />
<div class="_46-h" style="height: 161px; width: 162px;">
</div>
<a class="_5dec _xcx" data-ft="{"tn":"E"}" data-render-location="timeline" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10153644573358671&set=pcb.10153644600043671&type=3" id="u_jsonp_16_c" rel="theater" style="height: 161px; left: 0px; top: 326px; width: 162px;">
</a><a class="_5dec _xcx" data-ft="{"tn":"E"}" data-render-location="timeline" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10153644575728671&set=pcb.10153644600043671&type=3" id="u_jsonp_16_d" rel="theater" style="height: 161px; left: 164px; top: 326px; width: 161px;"></a>
<div class="_46-h" style="height: 161px; width: 161px;">
</div>
<a class="_5dec _xcx" data-ft="{"tn":"E"}" data-render-location="timeline" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10153644575728671&set=pcb.10153644600043671&type=3" id="u_jsonp_16_d" rel="theater" style="height: 161px; left: 164px; top: 326px; width: 161px;">
</a><a class="_5dec _xcx" data-ft="{"tn":"E"}" data-render-location="timeline" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10153644577188671&set=pcb.10153644600043671&type=3" id="u_jsonp_16_e" rel="theater" style="height: 161px; left: 326px; top: 326px; width: 161px;"><div class="_46-h" style="height: 161px; width: 161px;">
</div>
</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<form action="/ajax/ufi/modify.php" class="commentable_item" data-ft="{"tn":"]"}" id="u_jsonp_16_16" method="post" rel="async">
<div class="_sa_ _5vsi _ca7 _192z">
<div class="_37uu">
<div data-reactroot="">
<div class="_3399 _a7s clearfix">
<div class="_524d">
<div class="_42nr">
<br />
<div class="_khz">
<a class="UFILikeLink _4x9- _4x9_ _48-k" data-testid="fb-ufi-likelink" href="https://www.facebook.com/ccanaday1#" role="button" tabindex="0"></a><span class="accessible_elem" role="button" tabindex="-1"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
<div class="clearfix hasRightCol" id="contentCol">
<div id="contentArea" role="main">
<div class="_5h60" data-gt="{"profile_owner":"714918670","ref":"timeline:timeline"}" data-referrer="pagelet_timeline_main_column" id="pagelet_timeline_main_column">
<div class="_5h60" data-referrer="pagelet_main_column_personal_timeline" id="pagelet_main_column_personal">
<div id="timeline_tab_content">
<div class="_5h60 fbTimelineTimePeriod" data-referrer="pagelet_timeline_recent" id="pagelet_timeline_recent">
<div class="fbTimelineSection fbTimelineCompactSection fbTimelineSectionTransparent" id="u_jsonp_13_j">
<div class="fbTimelineCapsule clearfix" data-end="1467356399" data-referrer="pagelet_timeline_recent_ocm" data-start="1463414698" id="u_jsonp_13_i">
<div class="_1vc-">
<ol class="_2t4v clearfix fixed_always" data-pnref="lhc" data-referrer="pagelet_timeline_recent_ocm" id="u_jsonp_13_i_report" style="top: -1036px;">
<li class="fbTimelineUnit fbTimelineTwoColumn clearfix" data-fixed="1" data-size="1" data-type="r" id="u_jsonp_13_26"><div class="_4-u2 _4-u8">
<div class="timelineReportContainer" data-gt="{"eventtime":"1466301244","viewerid":"714918670","profileownerid":"714918670","unitimpressionid":"5fc9e5fb","contentid":"0","timeline_unit_type":"ProfileTilesTimelineUnit","timewindowsize":"3","query_type":"36","contextwindowstart":"0","contextwindowend":"1467356399"}" id="u_jsonp_13_27">
<div>
<div role="article">
<div>
<div class="_e4b">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="uiGrid _51mz"><tbody>
<tr class="_51mx"><td class="_51m-"><br /></td><td class="_51m-"><br /></td><td class="_51m- _51mw"><br /></td></tr>
<tr class="_51mx"><td class="_51m-"><br /></td><td class="_51m-"><br /></td><td class="_51m- _51mw"><br /></td></tr>
<tr class="_51mx"><td class="_51m-"><br /></td><td class="_51m-"><br /></td><td class="_51m- _51mw"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Muisne </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Esmeraldas Manabí #reconstruyoecuador #terremotoecuador construyámoslo albergue letrina inodoro uddt sanitation emergency coliforme fecal #sismoecuador campamento caca mierda saneamiento sostenible ecológica nutrientes turismo pesca playa río estero nitrógeno urea Muisne Esmeraldas Manabí #reconstruyoecuador #terremotoecuador
construyámoslo albergue letrina inodoro uddt sanitation emergency
coliforme fecal #sismoecuador campamento caca mierda saneamiento
sostenible ecológica nutrientes turismo pesca playa río estero nitrógeno
urea Muisne Esmeraldas Manabí #reconstruyoecuador #terremotoecuador
construyámoslo albergue letrina inodoro uddt sanitation emergency
coliforme fecal #sismoecuador campamento caca mierda saneamiento
sostenible ecológica nutrientes turismo pesca playa río estero nitrógeno
urea</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-71634401562492184612016-05-12T07:28:00.002-07:002016-05-15T04:06:52.853-07:00Saneamiento Ecológico durante la emergencia del terremoto en la Costa del Ecuador / Earthquake relief and reconstruction<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
(Brief summary in English below)</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAmeZ4XaazuXhVZedbScuxFWVjulgq4Gj4o9VsN4R5gxY_OBSztRZ3H3MYXuAEHLjQU9UHepXcGImmL2n3U-fzxwcHuLTnlN6m2XK6pztipuyrffiKTVg_ZW49CItYS0z_4qSjRLIxUYs/s1600/Letrina+Port%25C3%25A1til+de+Palets+%2528para+luego+sembrar+%25C3%25A1rboles%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAmeZ4XaazuXhVZedbScuxFWVjulgq4Gj4o9VsN4R5gxY_OBSztRZ3H3MYXuAEHLjQU9UHepXcGImmL2n3U-fzxwcHuLTnlN6m2XK6pztipuyrffiKTVg_ZW49CItYS0z_4qSjRLIxUYs/s400/Letrina+Port%25C3%25A1til+de+Palets+%2528para+luego+sembrar+%25C3%25A1rboles%2529.jpg" width="281" /></a></div>
Este es un diseño de ArborLoo (casita liviana para luego sembrar árboles sobre los huecos llenos de caca) está adaptado para armarse rápidamente y económicamente en los albergues de damnificados de una emergencia, aprovechando los palets de transporte. Véase, por favor, la otra entrada<br />http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/2012/08/scroll-down-for-english-en-abril.html<br /> sobre los ArborLoo y sus ventajas.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQbI6AD0SqU_jeInnxiN6hrW0wAdT5egcBPEWCxXaOTZPle4BqrlETBUkLonAe76ET3I6K-2s7zP0ODzKu4LsPV8NtHR6P7zpEsNglA6bX8G8eYWts6sGKW4scFBwFArmkmAC68y6dh9A/s1600/Inodoro+Ecol%25C3%25B3gico+Seco+con+Separaci%25C3%25B3n+de+la+Orina+para+cuclillas+en+albergues+de+emergencias.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQbI6AD0SqU_jeInnxiN6hrW0wAdT5egcBPEWCxXaOTZPle4BqrlETBUkLonAe76ET3I6K-2s7zP0ODzKu4LsPV8NtHR6P7zpEsNglA6bX8G8eYWts6sGKW4scFBwFArmkmAC68y6dh9A/s400/Inodoro+Ecol%25C3%25B3gico+Seco+con+Separaci%25C3%25B3n+de+la+Orina+para+cuclillas+en+albergues+de+emergencias.jpg" width="282" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">Este diseño de Inodoro Ecológico Seco con Separación de la Orina podrá armarse mayormente con tablas, tablones y escombros, más cosas baratas y de fácil acceso y transporte, como lonas publicitarias, baldes y saquillos de polipropileno tejido. No se asusten de la posición de cuclillas: es la posición natural y todo sale más fácilmente, con menos estreñimiento y hemorroides; es más higiénico, como no se topa ningún asiento; y es más accesible para niños pequeños. Además, hay un agarradero para el equilibrio.</span><br />
<br />
Otras reflexiones:<br />
<ul>
<li>Actualmente, los damnificados están atendidos mayormente con Retretes Químicos que, según el internet, contienen probablemente formol (un veneno muy tóxico). Son aprestosos, se ve todo el excremento de los usuarios anteriores y nadie sabe dónde las compañías de servicio botan los lodos fecales generados. Es casi seguro que no existe un tratamiento adecuado. Estos podrían ser convertidos en Inodoros Ecológicos Secos con Separación de la Orina</li>
<li>No hay mal de que bien no venga. Desde antes, las cuestiones de escasez, calidad y tratamiento de las aguas eran alarmantes en la zona. La emergencia puede servir para que las personas aprendan técnicas más sostenibles para aplicar durante la reconstrucción y para largo:</li>
<ul>
<li>Inodoros Ecológicos Secos</li>
<li>Urinarios Sin Agua</li>
<li>Filtros de Arena con Plantas para tratar aguas servidas</li>
<li>Reciclaje en Ciclo Cerrado de Aguas Negras (una nueva idea para todo el mundo, pero sumamente racional, práctico y ecológico para las personas que no podrán vivir sin sus inodoros de agua, aprovechando digestión anaeróbica y filtros de arena con plantas) </li>
</ul>
<li>Compañías de plástico reciclado podrían hacer versiones prefabricadas y portátiles de estos modelos para distribuirse entre los damnificados que los desean.</li>
<li>Los Urinarios Sin Agua (véase otras entradas en este blog) son sumamente útiles en los albergues, ya que cada familia puede tener uno en su carpa y no tener que salir en la noche solo para orinar.</li>
</ul>
Sería un gusto apoyar en todos estos temas y poner un granito de arena para un futuro más sostenible en esta zona.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">EcoSan for the Emergency after the <br />April 2016 Earthquake in Ecuador</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">These designs of UDDT and ArborLoo are adapted to the condiciones of the emergency following the 2016 earthquake on the Coast of Ecuador. They are made from readily available materials and can be done quickly.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">All the wood is covered in linoleum, billboard cloth or plastic to keep all the surfaces easy to clean. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Let's try to insert these ideas into the reconstruction and make a more sustainable future for the area. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Vocab:<br />Tabla = plank (2 cm)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Tablón = thick plank (4 cm)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Escombros = rubble </span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Embudo = funnel</span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Balde = 20 - 40 liter plastic bucket, bin or cut-off jug (in which the sack fits easily)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Saquillo = woven, plastic, polypropylene gunny sack</span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Palet = wooden shipping pallet</span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Vinil = linoleum</span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Caneca = 20-liter, plastic jug</span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Tierra = soil (without which we are nobody)</span><br />
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">terremoto sismo 7,8 Pedernales Jama Matal Caráquez Portoviejo Tamarindos Chamanga Manabí Esmeraldas terremoto sismo Ecuador emergencia reconstrucción 16 abril 2016 taladro tierra fioravanti terremoto sismo Ecuador reconstrucción reconstruction earthquake terremoto</span></div>
<div style="color: white;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">terremoto sismo 7,8 Pedernales Jama Matal Caráquez Portoviejo Tamarindos Chamanga Manabí Esmeraldas terremoto sismo Ecuador emergencia reconstrucción 16 abril 2016 taladro tierra fioravanti terremoto sismo Ecuador reconstrucción reconstruction earthquake terremototerremoto sismo 7,8 Pedernales Jama Matal Caráquez Portoviejo Tamarindos Chamanga Manabí Esmeraldas terremoto sismo Ecuador emergencia reconstrucción 16 abril 2016 taladro tierra fioravanti terremoto sismo Ecuador reconstrucción reconstruction earthquake terremototerremoto sismo 7,8 Pedernales Jama Matal Caráquez Portoviejo Tamarindos Chamanga Manabí Esmeraldas terremoto sismo Ecuador emergencia reconstrucción 16 abril 2016 taladro tierra fioravanti terremoto sismo Ecuador reconstrucción reconstruction earthquake terremototerremoto sismo 7,8 Pedernales Jama Matal Caráquez Portoviejo Tamarindos Chamanga Manabí Esmeraldas terremoto sismo Ecuador emergencia reconstrucción 16 abril 2016 taladro tierra fioravanti terremoto sismo Ecuador reconstrucción reconstruction earthquake terremoto terremoto sismo 7,8 Pedernales Jama Matal Caráquez Portoviejo Tamarindos Chamanga Manabí Esmeraldas terremoto sismo Ecuador emergencia reconstrucción 16 abril 2016 taladro tierra fioravanti terremoto sismo Ecuador reconstrucción reconstruction earthquake terremoto</span></div>
<br />Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-57094122229978036012015-12-21T19:15:00.001-08:002018-04-05T06:42:01.141-07:00Un Nuevo Modelo de Urinario Sin Agua / A New Model of Waterless Urinal<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipEqoAoxLcDpWHA56mkLCTUC1Cy-adtpLYtbkOngkqJUdG9_19pNmpHKK-P5-sabUiG1Z8QepauHbT8k19Vk0zH2J7_lP7BNZFcug_F-BMfMb6NZUbWlcZk7cKkmwEcMILYHn04IgJa40/s1600/two+models+of+WU.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipEqoAoxLcDpWHA56mkLCTUC1Cy-adtpLYtbkOngkqJUdG9_19pNmpHKK-P5-sabUiG1Z8QepauHbT8k19Vk0zH2J7_lP7BNZFcug_F-BMfMb6NZUbWlcZk7cKkmwEcMILYHn04IgJa40/s320/two+models+of+WU.jpg" width="245" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Scroll down for English.) </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Necesitamos orinar mucho más de lo que hacemos popó (en especial cuando estamos en planteles educativos y lugares de trabajo), entonces es clave en el EcoSan armar <span style="background-color: yellow;">Urinarios Sin Agua</span> que sean eficaces, libres de olores y económicos. Ahora quisiera compartir con ustedes un modelo que recién inventé, que es de casi puro material reciclado, aparte de un embudo de 2 dólares.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(1) Calienta en el fuego un extremo de una manguera negra de polietileno de media pulgada e inserta el pico del embudo (de 18 cm de diámetro). Se conectan firmemente, sin necesidad de pegamento. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(2) Con una sierra, corta el otro extremo, en sesgo, a una longitud que alcance el fondo de la caneca.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(3) Con un cuchillo, corta un tapón para la caneca de una vieja sandalia tipo 'croc', en la parte gruesa cerca del talón, incluyendo unos centímetros de la parte que abraza el pie. Asegura que sea suficientemente grande para que entre apretado, al empujar un borde debajo del labio de la caneca.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGtbt8X4iaVH49Krcz_rUngLgdSpeuRp5r3J7-5pQE5Y7TIMcmIspyg2z3_ge6b9pbfS3WBHF-H7e1PuCF7EO2PB4_J3z_nBv7Axnku97NkBYTezhPi_vzouC35FxBkIVZk6W_qwGtg7I/s1600/croc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGtbt8X4iaVH49Krcz_rUngLgdSpeuRp5r3J7-5pQE5Y7TIMcmIspyg2z3_ge6b9pbfS3WBHF-H7e1PuCF7EO2PB4_J3z_nBv7Axnku97NkBYTezhPi_vzouC35FxBkIVZk6W_qwGtg7I/s1600/croc.jpg" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(4) Con una navaja, corta un hueco en forma de rombo (de unos 1.5 cm), al lado de la parte que abraza el pie. Coloca la manguera en este hueco.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(5) Corta un cuadrado (de 4 cm) de la parte plana de una botella desechable de plástico tipo PET. Enróllalo para formar un tubo (7 mm de diámetro) e introdúzcalo en un hueco que se hace en el tapón con un gran clavo caliente.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZxoJXbom9qhkdciuzt5jOnRoDKEz_cr9cO3V3tnYXu4FRjctO84A2q4KntA6gKLst935UW362wyrkEQh9RSzRjGYB58ZxGWzC9g1LI6HXQT-IAB7f1rKukkQDLP2m_fpKZ3c_cYo7Lbw/s1600/plug+with+air+outlet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZxoJXbom9qhkdciuzt5jOnRoDKEz_cr9cO3V3tnYXu4FRjctO84A2q4KntA6gKLst935UW362wyrkEQh9RSzRjGYB58ZxGWzC9g1LI6HXQT-IAB7f1rKukkQDLP2m_fpKZ3c_cYo7Lbw/s320/plug+with+air+outlet.jpg" width="315" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(6) Haz un filtro del aire con tierra fértil, de dos botellas PET (de unos 400 ml), que la una entra justo en la otra. Llena las botellas cortadas y unidas de 7 cm de tierra, con un material fibroso (como cáscara de arroz) y mallas plásticas en ambos extremos.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEX8I9Zg0U9YeWqy7mPE8uRARqXkD288C_seYtyK_Ud5KXKFGa8AnGpVfzAS68Hey750frzqFtfboU9mMAEDJBIU8Bi3p-fmjyGYopWxRhGQRwFVluBOn0a_I9rsfY6oS9WoEyje33caA/s1600/soil+filter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEX8I9Zg0U9YeWqy7mPE8uRARqXkD288C_seYtyK_Ud5KXKFGa8AnGpVfzAS68Hey750frzqFtfboU9mMAEDJBIU8Bi3p-fmjyGYopWxRhGQRwFVluBOn0a_I9rsfY6oS9WoEyje33caA/s320/soil+filter.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(7) Corta un hueco redondo de 7 mm en la tapa de una botella, para poder colocarla encima del tubo de PET, y amarra el otro cuello de botella al filo del embudo.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">¿Por qué no apesta?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(1) La manguera va hasta el fondo, por lo tanto los vapores de amoniaco que acumulan en la parte superior de la caneca no pueden salir por el embudo.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(2) Cuando la persona orina, el mismo volumen de aire con malos olores tiene que salir, pero se limpia durante su paso a través de la tierra.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq02A0pIVvEngmEBk7WsHMSbmRrtPW1Q_ZikdDUK4wuitgfrLJCoqeGFdo6HaIjAZaiRDpyD_FD_hhZsBioVLcRLVEpF-Y-zY-ynTnicuNBqzpXhsUCrIRBvNXSvc20fUucw9xKuInZjI/s1600/cross+section.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq02A0pIVvEngmEBk7WsHMSbmRrtPW1Q_ZikdDUK4wuitgfrLJCoqeGFdo6HaIjAZaiRDpyD_FD_hhZsBioVLcRLVEpF-Y-zY-ynTnicuNBqzpXhsUCrIRBvNXSvc20fUucw9xKuInZjI/s320/cross+section.jpg" width="214" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Es fácil para los hombres usar, pero ¿qué pasa con las mujeres? También.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">-- Algunas mujeres dicen que pueden orinar fácilmente en este urinario.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">-- La mayoría de las mujeres preferirían hacer cuclillas completamente y se preocuparían de los microbios, entonces cada una puede tener su propia recipiente vacía de yogur o helado, orinar allí, verterlo en el urinario, enjuagarlo con agua, botar esa agua en el suelo de jardines o maceteros, colocar su tapa y guardarlo hasta la siguiente urgencia de devolver a la naturaleza. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">La orina puede quedar en el urinario el tiempo que quiera, sin malos olores, y luego se le puede usar para fertilizar las plantas. Recuerda a diluirla con 3 o más veces más agua y regarla en el suelo (no en las hojas), en especial si las plantas están todavía delicadas y recién estabilizándose. Si no se ha sembrado el campo todavía, se le puede fertilizar con casi cualquier cantidad de orina y esperar al menos una semana antes de sembrarlo, para permitir a las bacterias asimilar el nitrógeno y así evitar el sobredosis de los cultivos.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Este urinario sencillo y sin agua debería ser aplicado en todas partes donde el agua es escasa, no se quieren sobrepoblaciones de algas en los ríos, las personas que viven aguas abajo no quieren tomar nuestros fármacos o queremos que nuestra agricultura sea más productiva (en otras palabras, en todas partes).</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Avísame cómo te va en la construcción del tuyo ... o si desean ayuda</span>.<br />
<br />
<u>Noticias de 2018:</u> Ya hemos visto la manera de hacer el filtro de aire con una sola botella, haciendo huecos pequeños en el asiento con un clavo caliente ... y unas mañas para desdoblar las mallas plasticas, incluyendo un alambre o una piola en la mitad de las mallas más cerca de la boca de la botella para poder jalarlo. (Digo "las" porque es bueno poner 2 o más, para mayor fuerza.) Esto permite usar una mayor variedad de botellas (y evita la entrada de cucarachas a poner sus huevos). También, es mejor cortar el tapón de una espuma plástica gruesa (blanca en esta foto).<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMbL0EYwz063jCuyPmX-Axr7h1ZR9iezAjG3RGwxSDsVl-sAPb0w2YQy5xi2LkBcZ6f0irfUATHKZhxgLwrgqCcIKqMs8CPOBr5F8QRUhTKqj-q0IdFIAN6uFlDB5C_BniQSTGDF8nhuY/s1600/Urinario+Ecologico+2018.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="174" data-original-width="128" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMbL0EYwz063jCuyPmX-Axr7h1ZR9iezAjG3RGwxSDsVl-sAPb0w2YQy5xi2LkBcZ6f0irfUATHKZhxgLwrgqCcIKqMs8CPOBr5F8QRUhTKqj-q0IdFIAN6uFlDB5C_BniQSTGDF8nhuY/s200/Urinario+Ecologico+2018.jpg" width="145" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">A New Model of Waterless Urinal</span></div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
People need to pee a lot more than they need to poop (especially when they are in schools and work places), so it is key in EcoSan to work out Waterless Urinals that are effective, smell-free and economical. Now, I would like to share a model I just worked out that is almost entirely recycled, aside from the $2 funnel.</div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
(1) Heat up in a fire the end of a section of half-inch, black, polyethylene hose and stick the tip of the funnel into it. They will attach firmly to each other, without the need for glue.</div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
(2) With a saw, cut the other end of the hose, at an angle, such that it reaches to the bottom of the jug.</div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
(3) With a knife, cut a plug for the jug from an old, worn-out croc sandal, from near the heel, including a few centimeters of the part that hugs the user's foot. Make sure that it is big enough to fit snugly, with one edge pushed under the lip of the jug.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXR75o2-v62GidXrSWASkovOI3Ynlfheikumy1ATNbSZYatSDE3mNdWb5fSLu59_-SpW2GlW9dT7NDZe0RY-eKCySOxDzfh-qQ_5PI6aARQOvZoCse8-dsiF6sqVEqj7OLb6btI1YAQ5I/s1600/croc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXR75o2-v62GidXrSWASkovOI3Ynlfheikumy1ATNbSZYatSDE3mNdWb5fSLu59_-SpW2GlW9dT7NDZe0RY-eKCySOxDzfh-qQ_5PI6aARQOvZoCse8-dsiF6sqVEqj7OLb6btI1YAQ5I/s1600/croc.jpg" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
(4) With a pocket knife, cut a diamond-shaped hole (roughly 1.5 cm on each side) next to the part that hugs the foot. Put the hose through this hole.</div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
(5) Cut a square (4 cm on each side) from a flat section of a PET plastic beverage bottle. Roll it into a tube (7 mm diameter) and stick it through a hole in the plug that you can make with a large, hot nail.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEied2DGJenefiGgDKM-AwVVIr9yCKYAtFiReKQLHBUn2k2BWrdJui8LeAWxwqIxxRPvreHT8hSfaryrxUxqx-LLYLpItQesvzwpZgSe0PG5FWUTy-DgAhbBMtVR64NDr_pgN9ZXLxdEvNc/s1600/plug+with+air+outlet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEied2DGJenefiGgDKM-AwVVIr9yCKYAtFiReKQLHBUn2k2BWrdJui8LeAWxwqIxxRPvreHT8hSfaryrxUxqx-LLYLpItQesvzwpZgSe0PG5FWUTy-DgAhbBMtVR64NDr_pgN9ZXLxdEvNc/s320/plug+with+air+outlet.jpg" width="315" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
(6) Make an air filter with fertile soil (as shown), from two 400 ml beverage bottles that happen to fit one into the other. Place 7 cm of soil into the joined bottles, with fibrous material (like rice hulls) and plastic mesh at each end.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWOBim1-HLjwRfQQPYXFnY5ZWiHAiqPIHQzvIqEva3Y120tkrcfLxJUvvfhvvCgFAU-o8MbqlooWrvOyF7PnBzdQ-Y6QmaywmDITuyy0tcsrdMN6HuQgOlLBpDTXua0vxuSgODWGnDIT0/s1600/soil+filter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWOBim1-HLjwRfQQPYXFnY5ZWiHAiqPIHQzvIqEva3Y120tkrcfLxJUvvfhvvCgFAU-o8MbqlooWrvOyF7PnBzdQ-Y6QmaywmDITuyy0tcsrdMN6HuQgOlLBpDTXua0vxuSgODWGnDIT0/s320/soil+filter.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
(7) Cut a 7-mm hole in the bottle cap, so you can place it on the PET tube, and tie the other bottle neck to the edge of the funnel.</div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<b>Why does it not stink?</b></div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
(1) The hose goes all the way to the bottom, so the ammonia vapors that accumulate in the top of the jug cannot get out the funnel.</div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
(2) When the user urinates, an equal volume of smelly air comes out, but it is cleaned as it passes through the soil.<span style="background-color: white;"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
Note that we do not use any random soil. Read more in the second part of this interview:</div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/water-sanitation/</div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
This is easy for men to use, but <b style="background-color: white;">what about women?</b> They can, too.</div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
-- Some women say that they could easily urinate in this urinal.</div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
-- Most women would like to squat all the way down and would be worried about germs, so each could have her own empty yogurt or ice cream container to pee in, empty it into the urinal, rinse it with water, throw that water in the soil of gardens or flower pots, put the lid back on the container, and save it until the next urge to give back to Nature. </div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
Urine can sit in this urinal as long as one likes, with no smell issues, and then be taken to fertilize your plants. Remember to dilute the urine with 3 or more times as much water, and to spread it on the soil (not the leaves), especially if the plants are delicate and are just getting established. If the field has not been planted yet, it can receive nearly all the urine you like to give it, and then wait a week before planting, to let the bacteria assimilate the nitrogen and avoid overdosing your crops.</div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
This simple, Waterless Urinal should be used everywhere that water is scarce, algae blooms in the river are not desired, the people downstream do not want to randomly drink our pharmaceuticals, or we want our agriculture to be more productive (in other words everywhere).</div>
<div style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Let me know how things go building yours ... and if you need any help.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0CA_oTm6Q5KSzMJXJ-PZKKWzkAy4-jqynymOfVjHRj5N4T9yMgjUh8TMnc99eBQlvFEzQeGRbRdkRRpKedc_YtrnY_CC4O18H5PCA2_m81AQA0wMwY7gaA4_j7-ybdZuUSc5yoqKy74k/s1600/two+models+of+WU.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0CA_oTm6Q5KSzMJXJ-PZKKWzkAy4-jqynymOfVjHRj5N4T9yMgjUh8TMnc99eBQlvFEzQeGRbRdkRRpKedc_YtrnY_CC4O18H5PCA2_m81AQA0wMwY7gaA4_j7-ybdZuUSc5yoqKy74k/s320/two+models+of+WU.jpg" width="245" /></a></span></div>
Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0Puyo, Ecuador-1.4923925 -78.002413400000023-1.555886 -78.083094400000022 -1.428899 -77.921732400000025tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-41233578309128251242014-02-18T18:56:00.002-08:002014-02-22T03:19:01.962-08:00The Dry Toilet as a Weapon to Fight Global Climate Disruption / El Inodoro Seco como Arma contra la Alteración Mundial del Clima <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNTGf-0ffzI0b_3gfeWSqy1I3rO3LgvDHbuUBB_K-7PTPZcPCdll4ZaTQZkRXjLAW1j530pQIm0vO-6aS_wmZ0PEempDxBXSO3-hx1kXrpIY5Kkry4CT1m37McTo1UcCSzjEFxptjET2g/s1600/Mr+Shit+and+Ms+Piss+in+English.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNTGf-0ffzI0b_3gfeWSqy1I3rO3LgvDHbuUBB_K-7PTPZcPCdll4ZaTQZkRXjLAW1j530pQIm0vO-6aS_wmZ0PEempDxBXSO3-hx1kXrpIY5Kkry4CT1m37McTo1UcCSzjEFxptjET2g/s1600/Mr+Shit+and+Ms+Piss+in+English.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">Painting by Jeff Vivant </span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM-c_0awVLo5zF0scUo5mUvVh09xu9n2KFNNYbAtn0imYA4X57DlmrEgJ-Vhr7Um_kw2DNukbGDyj-JeYKZd9Aa-WZDWz40FQNyrYiU51qpvm_wAU-YVUFU2Paa_U57dTO_CsmvpMYvHE/s1600/Rio+Lelia+user+interface.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM-c_0awVLo5zF0scUo5mUvVh09xu9n2KFNNYbAtn0imYA4X57DlmrEgJ-Vhr7Um_kw2DNukbGDyj-JeYKZd9Aa-WZDWz40FQNyrYiU51qpvm_wAU-YVUFU2Paa_U57dTO_CsmvpMYvHE/s1600/Rio+Lelia+user+interface.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<span style="background-color: cyan;">(Scroll down for English)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
Cada vez más, estamos dándonos cuenta que el clima del mundo está dañándose. No llueve ni cuándo, ni dónde, ni cómo debería ... y es todo debido a lo que la especie humana ha hecho, quemando petróleo, quemando bosques, pastando vacas y defecando en el agua.<br />
<br />
Puede que no se haya pensado en el último punto, pero es mayor de lo que tal vez piensa.<br />
Los Inodoros Ecológicos Secos con Separación de la Orina (www.ecosanres.org, www.susana.org) tienen mucho que ofrecer:<br />
<ol>
<li>Si mezclamos todo en el agua, se fermenta en la ausencia de oxígeno y produce grandes cantidades de Metano (Gas del Efecto Invernadero #2).</li>
<li>La orina va tan directamente como sea posible al suelo como fertilizante, así manteniendo las heces más secas y también se las cubre con un material seco y absorbente, como tierra o cenizas de leña. Algo de CO2 es emitido al descomponerse, pero las plantas fertilizadas absorbirán más.</li>
<li>El consumo de agua de reduce enormemente y ésta tiene casi siempre petróleo o electricidad invertidad en su bombeo y tratamiento.</li>
<li>Se reduce la necesidad de fertilizantes químicos, los cuales son responsables por la emisión de Óxido Nitroso (Gas del Efecto Invernadero #3) en su producción y aplicación. (Y, por supuesto, tenemos que comenzar a olvidarnos de los fertilizantes químicos, ya que son recursos no renovables.)</li>
<li>Secuestramos carbono al suelo, mejorando su capacidad de sostener el agua.</li>
<li>Menos cemento tendría que invertirse en la construcción de los alcantarrillados.</li>
</ol>
Es claro que la escasés de agua se intensificará con la Alteración Mundial del Clima y la transmisión de enfermedades se volverá menos predecible
(https://class.coursera.org/warmerworld-001/lecture/41). Entonces, es más razón de resolver nuestros problemas productivamente nosotros mismos, en lugar de botarlos en la atmósfera global.<br />
<br />
Hay más información en las otras entradas en este blog. <br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Dry Toilet as a Weapon to Fight <br />Global Climate Disruption</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;">We are all becoming more and more aware that our world's climate is getting messed up. It is not raining when, where and how it should ... and it is all due to what the human species has done, burning petroleum, burning forests, grazing cattle, and defecating in the water. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;">You may not have known about that last one, but it is a bigger factor than you may think. <br />Urine-diverting Dry Toilets (www.ecosanres.org, www.susana.org) have much to offer:</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="background-color: cyan;">If we mix everything in water, it ferments in the absence of oxygen and produces large amounts of Methane (Greenhouse Gas #2).</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: cyan;">The urine goes as straight as possible to the soil as fertilizer, thus keeping the feces drier and these also get covered in an absorbant dry material, like soil or wood ash. Some CO2 is produced as they decompose, but the plants that are fertilized absorb more CO2.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: cyan;">Water consumption is greatly reduced and this almost always has petroleum or electricity invested in its pumping and treatment.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: cyan;">The need for chemical fertilizers is greatly reduced, and these are responsable for emitting Nitrous Oxide (Greenhouse Gas #3) in their production and use. (And, of course, we have to start forgetting about chemical fertilizers, as they are all non-renewable resources.)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: cyan;">We sequester carbon into the soil, improving its water-holding capacity.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: cyan;"> Less cement would be needed to build to build sewers.</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="background-color: cyan;">It is clear that water scarcity will intensify with Global Climate Disruption and the spread of disease will become more unpredictable (https://class.coursera.org/warmerworld-001/lecture/41). So this is all the more reason to resolve our own problems productively on our own, instead of dumping them into the global atmosphere.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;">There is more info on this in other posts on this blog. </span>Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-933744014420348052013-11-06T19:09:00.000-08:002014-08-23T02:21:26.207-07:00Un Inodoro Seco Sin Costo que Cualquier Puede Hacer<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Un Inodoro
Ecológico Seco con Separación de la Orina (UDDT) que los
Desamparados, Pobres o Damnificados de Desastres Pueden Hacer Ellos
Mismos.</b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">por Chris Canaday</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Esto fue publicado
amablemente en inglés por una organización en Estados Unidos, cuyo
nombre se traduce como “La Higiene Pública Nos Permite Seguir
Siendo Humanos”, en este nexo:</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<a href="http://www.phlush.org/2013/10/14/a-minimalist-costless-urine-diverting-dry-toilet-uddt-for-the-unhoused-poor-or-disaster-stricken/"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">http://www.phlush.org/2013/10/14/a-minimalist-costless-urine-diverting-dry-toilet-uddt-for-the-unhoused-poor-or-disaster-stricken/</span></span></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">luego que me
preguntaron sobre opciones sencillas para la gente desamparada que
vive en las calles.) </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><span style="background: #00ffff;">(For
the latest version in English, please click on this link:
<br /><a href="http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/2013/10/a-free-minimalist-uddt-part-1.html">http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/2013/10/a-free-minimalist-uddt-part-1.html</a>.)</span></span></span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cambiar</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
de los inodoros caros y contaminantes en base a agua a los inodoros
secos descentralizados y amigables con el ambiente debería ser más
cuestión de otra manera de pensar que una gran inversión económica.
Esto en especial es el caso para los que tienen poco dinero, tal vez
viven en la calle o están lidiando con algún desastre.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Las </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>funciones</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
claves que un </span></span><a href="http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/Saneamiento_Ecologico.pdf"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>UDDT</u></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> (por
las siglas en inglés de Urine-diverting Dry Toilet) debería cumplir
son: (1) </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>encarcelar
a las heces</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
el tiempo necesario para que mueran todas las enfermedades que puedan
contener (como diarrea, cólera, tifoidea y huevos de lombrices
intestinales) y (2) </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>liberar
a la orina</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
en el suelo, donde es un excelente fertilizante para las plantas y no
transmite ninguna enfermedad. Esta separación también reduce
muchísimo la emisión de malos olores y mantiene el volumen de
material peligroso pequeño y manejable.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">El siguiente inodoro
minimalista es totalmente funcional y se le hace con unos pocos
materiales rescatados de la basura:</span></span></div>
<ul>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dos botellas
plásticas de 4 litros, como las de la venta de cloro.</span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">50 centímetros de
cinta adhesiva.</span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2 metros de piola o
algo similar.</span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cuatro palos de 25
centímetros (o una caja del tamaño correcto).</span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Unos sacos
normales, tejidos de polipropileno, como los que se usan para vender
100 libras de harina, arroz o lo que sea. Los sacos biodegradables
de yute (como usan para la exportación de café) también valen y
tienen una ventaja (vea #7, a continuación).</span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Una pequeña lamina
de plástico.</span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><b>Instrucciones</b></u></span></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">(1) </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Haga
un urinario ecológico portátil de las dos botellas</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
cortando una en forma diagonal (como se ve en la foto) y uniéndolas
boca a boca con la cinta y luego la piola. Esto es muy útil, aún si
se tiene un inodoro más elegante, pero no exactamente donde uno
duerme, ya que sirve para orinar en el mismo dormitorio, sin tener
que salir entre las culebras, insectos, violadores y otras criaturas.
También puede usarse en el día donde sea que haya la privacidad del
caso.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgws-TnkE7q9TFqqvzQdy24fz5oX7z4quAT33CqeoxyQZYYkCHKLq5KJBDUwhnCHGBRFlnIFY94r1tqlWrBnOuYeVbTjAAiMCUpEwLdGNg5je9GlQ5-JSReAHz3C9CMA3HRrLUkWjQy968/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+1.jpg" /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Estando parado, este
urinario emite muy poco olor, ya que las bocas de las botellas son
pequeñas y la botella superior impide el movimiento de aire por
encima de estas bocas. Cada día, se le enjuaga con agua para
prevenir el olor de la fermentación de la orina.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Este urinario es muy
práctico para colectar la orina, diluirla con por lo menos tres
veces más agua (puede ser agua gris del lavado de platos, etc.), y
regar este excelente fertilizante en el suelo entre los cultivos de
uno… o entre las plantas ornamentales de un parque urbano para
ayudarlas a florecer más hermosamente. También se podría botar la
orina por un desagüe, pero eso sería un desperdicio de los
nutrientes, aumentaría el gasto público en el tratamiento de las
aguas servidas (si es que hay tal tratamiento), y contribuiría a la
formación de zonas muertas, sin oxígeno, en los ríos y mares.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">(2) </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Meta
a los cuatro palos en la tierra</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
a la altura de unos 12 centímetros. Si se prefiere (o en especial si
el piso es duro y no se podría meter los palos), se puede usar una
caja de cartón, madera o plástico, del tamaño correcto, en lugar
de los palos.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9lIjuTaPVrYwuO_s0tJzY69OfbaxQvit_Ai965CAIyPiZc7C5ESpwHlOof3DnuJexQwTvAva5Vl_F4jgpWyF74lvVXn4yq7ss4grgQC9sfyf0NKRvgkGKUAkHaVckxTsgRg57onrHk_k/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+2.jpg" /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">(3) </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Enrolle
el filo del saco y colóquelo encima de los palos</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Ponga una taza de tierra donde el primer depósito caerá. Si se
quiere, se puede poner una capa de hojas secas primero.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiU124qsvlZkBOfNAbP-07P_-ZX7JqSqHaOZkNlnz6Hjk_ZX2RWSwgmzqMCEH4w3RakI7n5Kt0JLs9QaPZT56VD9T9ghHYo4uK-EpdsqpP_HJtSiqWCIRvbE3zTcp6i9wQUcikpYwFH2M/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+3.jpg" /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">(4) </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Ponga
los talones contra el saco, haga cuclillas, sostenga el urinario
delante de uno y suelte su carga de nutrientes</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Las heces caerán ordenadamente en el saco, mientras la orina fluirá
ordenadamente al urinario. Pare el urinario hasta la siguiente
oportunidad de vaciarlo en el suelo. Ponga el papel, las hojas, las
tuzas de maíz, o lo que sea que haya usado para limpiarse, junto con
las heces. (Se puede organizar para la privacidad como guste y como
pueda, posiblemente con hojas de palmera metidas en el suelo o con
una cortina en un rincón del cuarto.)</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0O2pav6mh_PXOd54BtsO0GxJc3hNnWTfkTY2a1bViSN0YCaO7usuBxnM23-wk7eS1zSGLpF8JWzS1Txk34NssjLAswqhAtvLQMQ4xPSREbFmeVGRIrXGHC_ch0hESW2EsD56osUuFJRA/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+4.jpg" /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">(5) </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Ponga
una taza de tierra seca</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> encima
de las heces para cubrirlas, controlar el olor, evitar la puesta de
huevos por parte de las moscas, e inocularlas con los microbios
benéficos que descomponen estos tipos de cosas. Mantenga un palo en
el saco para acomodar las heces y el papel, facilitar su cubertura
con la tierra, y para ir llenando el espacio ordenadamente (siempre
agarrando el extremo limpio del palo). Una de las mejores tierras
para esto consiste en las heces descompuestas de un ciclo anterior,
como se ve en la foto, con una mezcla de aserrín o cáscara de arroz
en caso que esté demasiado compacto.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiE0g7sL-J1PWmeBLGCmDbL3vbErw7XY382wrTtA5k-gtKOch32MGD_K8GjV4LUGuTxnG438QOBUZ-f7-rABsD4MLPKLRrW1zlnRc0VMRju-f9vciUYwIuyD_P2tvYigx6_jGlnOuibbs/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+5.jpg" /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">(6)
Cuando no esté en uso, </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>cúbralo
todo con un plástico</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> (o
un tacho) para mantener afuera la lluvia, las moscas y los ojos
curiosos.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi86m_rrvwoQqrg2PIuVIkS8qCdSJVbCcLEfBIKFgZ_GX5Eq0MFquiFJPoKnzM2a1lP-4s4f22p80-OhFKBIPbEm49-WBJkoheimNKqh2IRYHr49xbSqHVDTUBfVCmltkOwhJqp_SnW5YA/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+6.jpg" /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">(7) </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Cuando
esté lleno</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> (a
una altura de casi los 12 cm), o cuando los usuarios se van, </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>amárrele
el saco</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
con una etiqueta que dice algo como, “HUMANAZA. Abra este paquete
de rico abono orgánico únicamente después de XX/X/20XX, cuando no
representará ningún peligro y se le puede usar en la agricultura”
y escóndalo en un lugar protegido contra la lluvia y el sol, como
debajo de un puente. Otra opción es enterrarlo, preferiblemente en
un suelo seco (tal vez debajo de ese mismo puente). También se podría amontonar los sacos sobre una capa de piedras o palos y cubrirlo con un plástico para que no se mojen en la lluvia (posiblemente debajo de un árbol para proteger el plástico del sol).</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPGPLPGO348eipXQzv96aLqaAoeSBzxQ_02yzhfLpEuT1_qvR8ix4CMPIyM7PHhxya0WdRfz1B-DOWAdl0ucO9roVq6DLuzbGmX0BqOgt9fLoaPfTwO6-omUyZ4j7KSB0oluPAZZgdH4Q/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+7.jpg" /> </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Las heces deben
secarse y descomponerse durante por lo menos 6 meses en países
tropicales o un año en países templados (más tiempo en caso de
enterrarlo en el suelo), para que mueran los microbios de las
enfermedades humanas y que ya no estén peligrosas (y que ya no sean
heces, sino tierra).</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Si los usuarios
están allí suficiente tiempo, o regresan, ellos mismos podrán usar
esta nueva tierra en la agricultura, o reciclarla como material
secante en el inodoro de nuevo. Las personas más quisquillosas
preferirán meterla en el fondo de unos huecos para sembrar árboles,
lo cual también es un excelente uso para esta tierra.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">La ventaja de usar
sacos biodegradables de yute es que podemos botarlos frescos en
huecos en la tierra, sembrar árboles encima, y olvidarlos (hasta
preguntarnos por qué los árboles crecen tan rápidamente y con
frutos tan ricos).</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><b>Preguntas y
Respuestas</b></u></span></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Pueden surgir las
siguientes preguntas, mayormente debido a la fecofobia (el miedo
irracional a las heces):</b></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>¿No podrían
salir los gérmenes por la tela tejida del saco?</b></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Aparte de las larvas
de Uncinarias y </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Strongyloides</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
los patógenos fecales no se trasladan a ninguna parte, sino
simplemente esperan pasivamente a ser lavados hasta el agua que otra
persona va tomar, arrastrados hasta las manos de alguien que no las
lavan antes de comer, o llevados por moscas hasta la comida de
alguien. Estos son los riesgos de la defecación al aire libre, con
los patógenos fecales liberados en el ambiente. Los líquidos no
fluyen hacia fuera de los sacos de este sistema, debido al material
secante que agregamos con cada uso, la separación de la orina y la
protección contra la lluvia. De hecho, la permeabilidad de estos
sacos tejidos es una ventaja, ya que esto permite la evaporación de
la humedad y el ingreso del oxígeno (sin que entren o salgan olores
o moscas), entonces las heces pueden descomponerse normalmente, con
los patógenos muriéndose en una tasa exponencial. Vea un ejemplo de
la descomposición de las heces en estos sacos en este</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2sPbBoliSo"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>video</u></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7wohPL_oBHtL1U_FheBUumltGru06pBbiFoQs1groxfVHQHX-k6xxCIrzS9SrsB2vRfnJTnQpviEwlelOwqGfYiFmmQdXm-4mnttC67Vwdhfk5BgofiKlbnJyymIEI5vphB35gtO-1vc/s1600/b+Coliforms+in++Soil.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7wohPL_oBHtL1U_FheBUumltGru06pBbiFoQs1groxfVHQHX-k6xxCIrzS9SrsB2vRfnJTnQpviEwlelOwqGfYiFmmQdXm-4mnttC67Vwdhfk5BgofiKlbnJyymIEI5vphB35gtO-1vc/s320/b+Coliforms+in++Soil.jpg" height="320" width="245" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Como muestra este gráfico del
libro </span></span><a href="http://humanurehandbook.com/downloads/MANUAL_DEL_HUMABONO.pdf"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Manual
del Humabono</u></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> por
Joseph Jenkins, las bacterias coliformes fecales mueren en el suelo
en una tasa exponencial. El Eje X es el número de días y el Eje Y
es el porcentaje de supervivencia de los patógenos. “99% de las
bacterias coliformes fecales en los suelos mueren en aproximadamente
15 días en el verano y en aproximadamente 21 días en el invierno.” </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Regresando al tema
de las larvas de Uncinarias y </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Strongyloides</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
ellas viajan únicamente a través de suelos húmedos arenosos o
francos (no arcillosos), entonces se puede colocar unos palos o
piedras debajo de los sacos cuando se los guarda y se puede botar un
poco de ceniza de leña (que es alcalino) sobre, alrededor y debajo
de los sacos. Además, las Uncinarias casi nunca matan a las personas
y no son tan comunes, con “solo” hasta unos </span></span><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anquilostomiasis"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>740
millones de personas</u></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> infectadas
en el mundo, principalmente en África y el sudeste de Asia. Es
relativamente fácil averiguar si las personas están infectadas y
para eliminarlas con químicos o con alternativas naturales, como las
semillas de papaya. Debemos siempre recordar que las larvas de
Uncinarias solo pueden estar en las heces si los usuarios están
infectados. Los patógenos no pueden salir de la nada y, en el caso
de las Uncinarias, el mayor factor es la defecación al aire por
parte de los perros y el ingreso de las larvas en los pies de las
personas. (Si no conocen cómo son las Uncinarias, les invito a ver
este video en el </span></span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZXkVyvXAcI"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>AnimalPlanet</u></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
No se alimentan de la comida de sus víctimas, sino de su sangre y
fueron la inspiración para la creatura en la película Alien.)
Asimismo, las larvas de </span></span><a href="http://www.facmed.unam.mx/deptos/microbiologia/parasitologia/strongyloidosis.html"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Stongyloides</i></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
solo viajan en suelo húmedo y más afectan a las personas con bajas
defensas, como los pacientes de SIDA.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>¿Podemos estar
absolutamente seguros que todos los patógenos morirán y ninguna
enfermedad se transmitirá a nadie?</b></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">No. Alguien podría
venir y abrir el saco antes de hora, sin leer la etiqueta, pero
cualquier sistema puede fallar cuando no esté aplicado bien. Lo que
sí podemos asegurar es que todos los patógenos fecales están
vivitos y coleando en las heces frescas que irían de otra manera
directamente al ambiente. También sabemos que estos patógenos
mueren en una rápida tasa exponencial al descomponerse las heces en
presencia de oxígeno. Lo importante es encarcelar a estos asquerosos
mientras esto ocurre y cada día de cárcel es una victoria en la
guerra contra las enfermedades. Efectivamente todos estos patógenos
son anaeróbicos, es decir están adaptados para vivir en la ausencia
de oxígeno, lo que hacen en el hábitat acuático dentro de nuestras
tripas, y solo pueden aguantar un cierto tiempo en un lugar seco y
oxigenado antes de infectar a otra persona. Por eso, los patógenos
fecales más persistentes han evolucionado envolturas resistentes a
la deshidratación, como el quiste de las amebas y el cascarón del
huevo de la lombriz de </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Ascaris</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
pero aún éstos les pueden proteger solamente un cierto tiempo.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Un importante factor
es la naturaleza implacable e incansable de los microbios de los
suelos orgánicos, comiendo todo lo que no les come primero. La
mayoría de los microbios patógenos serían presa fácil para los
organismos del suelo y se ha demostrado que las bacterias fecales
mueren más rápidamente en </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3268289/"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>suelos
con mayor diversidad de especies</u></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
como recomiendo usar aquí, óptimamente reciclando el material
secante, después de un tiempo prudencial o un procesamiento
adecuado, con algunos de exactamente los mismos microbios que
descompusieron las heces, las enfermedades y los parásitos en el
ciclo anterior, y que no son patógenos humanos.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<a href="http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/Uso_Orina_Heces_Ecosan_2004-1.pdf"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Schönning
and Stenström</u></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> (2004)
recomiendan guardar las heces, con bastante ceniza de leña o cal,
durante más de dos años en los países templados (es decir, El
Norte, Argentina y otros) o un año en el Trópico. Personalmente,
pienso que esto es más precaución que lo necesario, especialmente
en el calor y la biodiversidad de gran parte del Trópico, pero estos
tiempos de detención pueden aplicarse fácilmente, si hay suficiente
espacio y si esto le hace sentir mejor a la gente. Estos tiempos se
refieren al patógeno fecal más persistente: el huevo de la lombriz
intestinal nematodo </span></span><a href="http://www.facmed.unam.mx/deptos/microbiologia/parasitologia/ascariosis.html"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Ascaris
lumbricoides</i></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
y todos los microbios realmente peligrosos (cólera, diarrea, etc.)
son eliminados en menos de </span></span><a href="http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/Saneamiento_Ecologico.pdf"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>tres
meses</u></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Hemos buscado los huevos de </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Ascaris</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
en nuestras heces descompuestas, aquí en la Amazonía Ecuatoriana, y
hasta ahora no los hemos encontrado más allá de los cuatro meses de
descomposición. Hace falta realizar más pruebas y determinar un
protocolo más sencillo y definitivo, y básicamente solo requiere un
microscopio. (Y, hasta ahora, yo mismo guardo las heces durante más
que un año, para mayor tranquilidad de los usuarios.)</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nadie quiere
recomendar un tiempo de detención que podría tal vez llegar a
enfermar a alguien, y esto es especialmente el caso con
organizaciones gubernamentales e internacionales. Sin embargo, estoy
dispuesto a arriesgarme, ya que la peor alternativa es continuar con
los masivos casos de defecación al aire libre, aguas servidas que
van directamente a los ríos y bahías, y los 2,6 mil millones de
personas en el mundo que no cuentan con ningún tipo de inodoro
decente. Además, con el tiempo, si nos damos cuenta que se debería
modificar estos tiempos de detención (aumentando o reduciéndolos),
lo podemos hacer. </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>¿No se supone
que debemos guardar la orina durante algunos meses para sanearla
antes de aplicarla en el suelo?</b></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Esta preocupación
se fundamenta en la posibilidad que haya contaminación fecal en la
orina, debido a mal uso de los inodoros… y esto es muy poco
probable con este modelo tan sencillo de UDDT, en el cual el usuario
sostiene el urinario exactamente donde tiene que estar. En caso de
algún accidente, el usuario podría vaciar el urinario en un hueco
en la tierra, en lugar de regarlo en la superficie del suelo. (En
lugares donde hay el parásito de <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquistosomiasis">Esquistosomiasis</a></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Schistosoma
haematobium</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
en especial en el África subsahariana, la orina debe dispersarse en
el suelo lejos de los ríos y lagunas, para que el parásito no pueda
encontrar los caracoles de agua dulce que necesita infectar para
completar su ciclo de vida.)</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>¿No vendría
algún animal, como perro o rata, a romper el saco y regar este
material tan peligroso?</b></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">La experiencia ha
demostrado que esto no ocurre, en especial si usamos tierra como
material secante y, en particular, la mencionada tierra reciclada. Ha
habido un par de casos de perros traviesos, pero únicamente cuando
se usaba aserrín pura para cubrir las heces. La tierra y el compost
ya terminado son entre los mejores filtros para los olores.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Fuera de la
fecofobia, otras inquietudes pueden surgir:</b></span></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>¿Por qué
debemos proteger a los sacos contra el sol? </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>¿Los
rayos del sol no ayudarían a matar a los patógenos?</b></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sí, sería de gran
ayuda en esto, pero la luz ultravioleta también destruye las fibras
plásticas de polipropileno de los sacos. Unos hornos solares que
toman en cuenta esto serían muy convenientes (y podemos tener mucho
más paciencia al hornear las heces por saneamiento que cuando
tratamos de hornear a nuestro almuerzo frente a un hambre
imperativo). Según el siguiente gráfico, solo necesitamos lograr
una temperatura arriba de 65° C durante una hora para matar todos
los patógenos fecales, lo cual es mucho más fácil que los 100° C
requeridos para hervir el agua. Una vez, una estudiante y yo hicimos
un simple horno solar de materiales reciclados y aparentemente
logramos los 80° C, ya que una botella de plástico PET se deformó…
y los huevos de </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Ascaris</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
contenidos adentro estuvieron deformados y probablemente muertos
cuando los observamos debajo del microscopio.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_hbiSFu-UBF9xnDp1Flb5SHhH1sJPVl8DhM-2r9ljwHCDl8TVoY-_gLbASF91jcfk9pM_NQAdZ7Dxby1-2xE4EclOmIbblCw6kkAE68-cdq6A6R6e7ipxaeCJpQPMz-GPLa91TDpDEZw/s1600/b+Feacham+chart.jpg" style="cursor: move;" /> </div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Un gráfico indicando el
tiempo necesario (en horas) para que varios patógenos fecales
humanos mueran bajo diferentes temperaturas, tomado de Feachem, R.G.,
Bradley, D.J., Garelick, H. y Mara, D.D. 1983. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">Sanitation
and Disease – Health aspects of excreta and waste water management.
John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK (reproducido en </span></span></span><a href="http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/Uso_Orina_Heces_Ecosan_2004-1.pdf"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><u>Schönning
and Stenström</u></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"> 2004).
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Por
ejemplo, todos los patógenos mueren dentro de una hora a 65° C, o
en un mes a 45° C.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>¿Qué pasa si no
somos tan pobres y queremos algo mejor?</b></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Se lo pueden hacer.
Si los suelos son relativamente secos y absorbentes y nunca se
inundan, pongo en consideración el </span></span><a href="http://hesperian.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/environmental/EHB_Sanitation_ES_watermark.pdf"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>ArborLoo</u></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
que consiste en una casita liviana que se coloca sobre uno y otro
hueco en la tierra (de un metro de profundidad) donde luego se
siembran árboles, como éste que hicimos mayormente con </span></span><a href="http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/2012/08/scroll-down-for-english-en-abril.html"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>materiales
reciclados</u></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Acuérdense de agregar una taza de tierra, hojas secas o cenizas
después de cada uso. Si no tienen suficiente espacio para sembrar
tantos árboles, pueden sembrar plantas como el zapallo o el banano y
cavar de nuevo el mismo sitio después de por lo menos dos o tres
años.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">También, les invito
a conocer los modelos de inodoros secos que publiqué (in inglés,
pero con fotos) en la revista </span></span><a href="http://www.ecosan.at/ssp/issue-06-toilets/issue-06-toilets"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Sustainable
Sanitation Practice</u></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> y
varios otros modelos en mi </span></span><a href="http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>blog</u></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
algunos de los cuales tienen hermosos pisos de cerámicas puestas en
ferrocemento delgado que solo requiere medio saco de cemento.
Además, les sugiero que armen Fuentes a Pedal (en inglés,
</span></span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6bP7JYPOzM"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>TippyTap</u></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">)
para lavar las manos, optimizando la cantidad de agua y manteniéndola
limpia para las siguientes personas.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>¿Cómo podrían
usar este inodoro los miles de millones de personas en el mundo que
limpian el ano con agua?</b></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Se podría hacer
otro Urinario Ecológico (de botellas más anchas y que no se ruedan
estando acostadas) y marcarlo “Agua de Lavado de Ano y de Mano”.
Se le acostaría en el piso para captar estas aguas y el borde
cortado sería lo más alto posible para evitar su salida o
salpicada. Una Fuente a Pedal podría proveer esta agua al pisar un
palo en el suelo, sin tocar este recipiente de agua y mucho menos
contaminar su contenido. Al completar el lavado del ano, se pondría
este Urinario Ecológico de pie (con la otra mano) y se procede a
lavar las manos, preferiblemente con jabón o con <a href="http://www.unicef.org/spanish/ffl/09/2.htm">ceniza
de leña</a> (lo cual es <a href="http://master.fcm.unc.edu.ar/diarreas.htm">igual
de efectivo</a> pero no cuesta nada).</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Una <a href="http://practicalaction.org/media/preview/13725">Fuente
a Pedal</a>, o TippyTap, consiste en una botella plástica puesta en
un palo horizontal que se vira al pisar otro palo amarrado cerca del
suelo, de tal manera que sale un chorrito de agua de un huequito
hecho con un clavo a rojo vivo. Sirve para el lavado de manos --y en
este caso, de anos—sin desperdiciar el agua y manteniendo la
reserva limpia. Hemos adaptado el modelo en la siguiente foto para
llenarse automáticamente con la lluvia.)</span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggEoojKaf5FLzN6D3nRD4hOHFEReTwzpY_5U6iuy2mGBMW6BirRNcVADBIQp0BlHBRHujIvC5XWK_oFihcWzyX9FO9TUDJ8X13GjIOtJ2c5qvsZ0nsfXIBP5BajLHoWRkbKXCUyBo985A/s1600/pumpuentsa+tippy+tap.jpg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggEoojKaf5FLzN6D3nRD4hOHFEReTwzpY_5U6iuy2mGBMW6BirRNcVADBIQp0BlHBRHujIvC5XWK_oFihcWzyX9FO9TUDJ8X13GjIOtJ2c5qvsZ0nsfXIBP5BajLHoWRkbKXCUyBo985A/s320/pumpuentsa+tippy+tap.jpg.jpg" height="305" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Este poquito de
aguas negras puede disponerse en un hueco en la tierra, similar a un
hueco para sembrar un poste, lleno de piedras (en especial si la
tierra tiende a derrumbarse). Se podría también colocar una tabla
como tapa, para evitar la salida de olor y el ingreso de moscas. Si
hay frecuentes inundaciones o el agua en la tierra está muy alta,
habría que armar algún tipo de humedal de plantas para purificar
estas aguas servidas.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>¿Y si queremos
sentarnos…?</b></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">También se puede
organizar una banca para eso, como se puede ver en mi <a href="http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/">blog</a>,
pero recordémonos que la posición de cuclillas es la más natural
para un ser humano que quiere defecar y, por lo tanto:</span></span></div>
<ul>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">hay menos
estreñimiento,</span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">hay menos
hemorroides,</span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">es más higiénico
(como los genitales no se topan con nada),</span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">es más accesible
para niños pequeños, y</span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">la evacuación es
más completa.</span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Además, es más
económico, fácil y portátil construir para cuclillas y logramos
una mejor separación de la orina.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>¿Hasta dónde
podría llegar esto?</b></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Al usar este inodoro
minimalista, que uno mismo puede hacer, las personas pueden no solo
resolver este problema sanitario inmediatamente ellas mismas, sino
también mostrar a los gobiernos, fundaciones y otras entidades que
entiendan y acepten el concepto y la práctica de los Inodoros
Ecológicos Secos con Separación de la Orina. Muchos planificadores
y tomadores de decisiones descartarían esta opción como un sueño
utópico que nunca sería factible, pero en realidad los ciudadanos
locales son frecuentemente más prácticos, proactivos y con los pies
más firmemente en la tierra que sus líderes. Una vez demostrado que
la gente pueda manejar a estos sencillos inodoros secos, los
gobiernos y fundaciones tendrán más confianza en construir unidades
elegantes y permanentes para estos mismos usuarios. Se han construido
demasiados inodoros secos que, luego de entregarse a los usuarios con
la esperanza que los utilicen bien, resultan ser abandonados o mal
usados, ya que los usuarios no fueron preparados adecuadamente y no
estaban convencidos de los beneficios del sistema.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">De hecho, este
sencillo sanitario podría ser utilizado como prueba para que los
usuarios confirmen su cupo en la lista de elegantes inodoros secos a
construirse. Luego de una semana de uso, se podría evaluar su uso y
así tendrían un poco de presión para realmente entender y usar
estos inodoros secos y realmente usarlos bien, ya que a nadie le
gustaría ser tachado de la lista por ser desordenado o no poder
seguir las instrucciones.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Este diseño puede
considerarse un peldaño bajo pero sólido en la escalera de inodoros
secos que son cada vez más fáciles y aceptables para los usuarios.
Con esto, esos 2,6 mil millones de personas podrían rápidamente
contar con un inodoro, tal vez por medio de un programa de
redistribución creativa de estos “desechos” plásticos, en
especial tomando en cuenta que estos sacos de polipropileno pasan en
la sombra, protegidos contra los rayos dañinos del sol, y se los
podemos usar una y otra vez, año tras año. Este inodoro es
accesible para cualquier persona en el mundo que puede rescatar de la
basura unas ciertas cositas y tiene la clara decisión de mantener el
ambiente más limpio y productivo.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Si
usted tiene preguntas o sugerencias respecto a este sencillo inodoro,
favor escribirme a canaday2 ARROBA gmail PUNTO com. Si aplican este diseño, favor avisarme para saber hasta dónde llega y para ayudarles a afinar cualquier asunto. También les
invito a leer estas entrevistas sobre </i></span></span><a href="http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/water-sanitation/"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><u>problemas
con saneamiento con agua</u></i></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i> e </i></span></span><a href="http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/human-waste-disposal/"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><u>inodoros
ecológicos secos</u></i></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>.
(próximamente traducidos al español en
inodoroseco.blogspot.com.)</i></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: blue;"> </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><b><span style="background-color: blue;"> Mantengamos
el agua limpia </span></b></i></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><b><br /></b></i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><b> </b></i></span></span><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><b><span style="background-color: #f6b26b;"> manteniendo
la m***** sucia. </span></b></i></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-56324729820800410372013-10-20T17:00:00.000-07:002013-11-23T19:03:55.561-08:00A Free Minimalist UDDT (part 2)<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>ES-EC</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Discussion</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">“Conventional wisdom” or fecophobia (the irrational fear of feces) may
lead people to have the following doubts about this system:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Couldn’t the fecal pathogens get out through
the woven cloth of the sack?</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Aside from hookworm larvae, fecal pathogens do not actively move
anywhere and just wait passively to get washed into someone’s drinking water,
brushed onto someone’s unwashed hands before they eat, or carried by flies to
someone else’s food. These are the risks of open defecation, with fecal
pathogens set loose in the environment. Liquids do not flow out of these sacks,
given the dry cover material we add after each use, the separation of the
urine, and the protection against the rain. The permeability of the woven cloth
is actually a positive thing, since this allows humidity to evaporate out and
oxygen to filter in (without smell or flies coming or going), so the feces can
decompose normally, with the pathogens dying off at an exponential rate. See an
example of letting feces decompose in these woven sacks in this </span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2sPbBoliSo"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">video</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">As shown in this graph from the </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"><a href="http://humanurehandbook.com/downloads/Humanure_Handbook_all.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Humanure Handbook</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"> by
Joseph Jenkins, fecal coliform bacteria die in the soil at an exponential rate.
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Getting back to the hookworm larvae, they only travel through moist sandy
or loamy soil (not clay), so some sticks or stones may be placed under the sack
when it is placed under that bridge, and wood ash (which is alkaline) may also
be placed on, around, and under the sacks. Furthermore, hookworms are not
usually life-threatening, nor are they terribly common, with “only” up to
some </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookworm"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">740 million persons</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"> infected
in the world, mostly in Africa and Southeast Asia. It is reasonably easy to
check if people have them (using a microscope) and to wipe them out with
chemicals or with natural alternatives, such as papaya seeds. Plus we should
always remember that hookworm larvae can only be in the feces if the users have
these worms. Pathogens cannot come out of nowhere, and, in the case of
hookworms, the biggest factor is dogs practicing open defecation and the larvae
crawling into people’s feet. (If you do not know what hookworms look like, see
this article in the </span><a href="http://www.examiner.com/article/hookworms-can-cause-serious-damage-if-untreated"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Examiner</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">.
Hookworms do not just eat people’s food, but instead their blood. They were
clearly the inspiration for the creature in the movie Alien.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Can we be absolutely sure that all the
pathogens will die and that no one could possibly ever get sick via this
system?</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">No. Someone could come along and open the sack before it is time,
without reading the tag, but any system can go wrong if not used right. What we
can be sure about is that all the fecal pathogens are still alive and kicking
in people’s fresh feces that might otherwise go straight into the environment.
We also know that these pathogens die off at an exponential rate as feces
decompose. The important thing is to keep these nasties jailed up while this is
happening and every day of containment is a victory in the war against disease.
Essentially all of these pathogens are anaerobes adapted to live in the absence
of oxygen, in the aqueous habitat inside our guts, and there is only a certain
amount of time they can hang on in a dry, oxygenated substrate before infecting
the next person. Given this situation, the most persistent fecal pathogens have
evolved desiccation-resistant packaging, like the amoebic cyst and the shell of
the Ascaris egg, but even these can only protect them for a certain amount of
time.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">A key factor is the rambunctious and relentless nature of the microbes
in rich organic soil, eating everything that does not eat them first. Most
pathogenic microbes would be easy prey to soil organisms and it has been shown
that fecal bacteria die-off faster in </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3268289/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">species-rich
soil</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">, as I recommend using here, optimally with the reuse of finished
compost as cover material, with exactly the microbes that broke down the feces
of the previous cycle, and which are not human pathogens.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/ESR_Publications_2004/ESR1web.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Schönning and Stenström</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"> (2004)
recommend storing the feces, with an ample amount of wood ash or mineral lime
for over 2 years in the Temperate Zone and 1 year in the Tropics. Personally, I
think this is overcautious, especially in the biodiverse, warm Tropics, but
these detention times can easily be applied if there is enough space and it
makes people feel more comfortable. These times refer to the most persistent
fecal pathogens, which are the eggs of the Ascaris Giant Roundworm, and all the
really dangerous microbial pathogens are wiped out in less than </span><a href="http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/Ecological_Sanitation.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">three months</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">. We have
done trials to look for Ascaris eggs in our fecal compost, here in Amazonian
Ecuador, and have yet to find any beyond four months of decomposition. More
trials need to be done and a simpler, more conclusive protocol that mostly only
requires a microscope needs to be developed. And even I store the feces for
over a year, for more peace of mind of all the users.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">No one wants to go on record recommending a detention time that may
potentially allow someone to get sick, and this is especially the case with
governmental and international organizations. I am nonetheless willing to go
out on this limb, given that the worst alternative is to continue with the
currently abundant cases of open defecation, raw sewage going straight into so
many rivers and bays, and 2.6 billion people in the world that do not have any
sort of decent toilet. And, if over time, we find that we should modify these
suggested detention times (longer or shorter), we can do so.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Aren’t we supposed to store urine for a
number of months to sanitize it before applying it on the soil?</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">This concern is due to the possibility that feces may have contaminated
the urine through people using the UDDTs improperly or having accidents … and
this is very unlikely with this “bare bones UDDT”, in which the user holds the
urinal right where it needs to be. If an accident were to happen, the user
could dump the urine in a hole in the ground and cover it up, instead of
spreading it on the surface of the soil. In places where there is the Bilharzia
parasite, <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i>, urine should be spread on the
soil far from lakes and rivers, so that this parasite cannot get to the
freshwater snails it needs to infect in order to continue its life cycle.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Won’t some animal, like a dog or a rat, tear
open the sack and spread this dangerous material around?</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Experience has shown that they do not, especially if we are using soil
as a cover material, in particular that special recycled soil. There have been
a couple of cases of mischievous dogs, but only when pure sawdust was being
used as the cover material. Soil and finished compost are also among the best
filters for odors.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Fecophobia aside, other
important questions can arise:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Why should we protect the sacks from the sun?
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Wouldn’t the solar rays help to kill the
pathogens?</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Yes, they would, but the ultraviolet light also destroys the
polypropylene plastic strands of the sacks. Solar ovens that take this into
account would be a good idea (and we can be much more patient about baking feces
for sanitation than about baking lunch for our urgent hunger). According to the
following graph, we only need to achieve 65°C for an hour to kill all of the
fecal pathogens, and this is much easier than the 100°C required to boil water.
One time, a student and I made a simple solar oven from recycled materials, and
we apparently got to above 80° C, because the PET plastic Coke bottle got
deformed and the Ascaris eggs held within were also seen under the microscope
to be deformed and almost certainly dead.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_hbiSFu-UBF9xnDp1Flb5SHhH1sJPVl8DhM-2r9ljwHCDl8TVoY-_gLbASF91jcfk9pM_NQAdZ7Dxby1-2xE4EclOmIbblCw6kkAE68-cdq6A6R6e7ipxaeCJpQPMz-GPLa91TDpDEZw/s1600/b+Feacham+chart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_hbiSFu-UBF9xnDp1Flb5SHhH1sJPVl8DhM-2r9ljwHCDl8TVoY-_gLbASF91jcfk9pM_NQAdZ7Dxby1-2xE4EclOmIbblCw6kkAE68-cdq6A6R6e7ipxaeCJpQPMz-GPLa91TDpDEZw/s1600/b+Feacham+chart.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.phlush.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Graph-Two.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">A graph showing the time necessary for various human fecal pathogens to
die at different temperatures, from Feachem, R.G., Bradley, D.J., Garelick, H.
and Mara, D.D. 1983. Sanitation and Disease – Health aspects of excreta and
waste water management. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK (as reproduced
in </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"><a href="http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/ESR_Publications_2004/ESR1web.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Schönning and Stenström</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"> 2004).
For example, all pathogens die within one hour at 65° C, or within a month at
45° C.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">What if we aren’t quite so broke and want
something nicer?</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">You can do it. If your soil is fairly dry and absorbent and never gets
flooded, think about making an </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"><a href="http://www.susana.org/lang-en/library/library?view=ccbktypeitem&type=2&id=974"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ArborLoo</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">, which is a lightweight outhouse that gets placed on one and another
one-meter-deep holes where trees later get planted, like this one we made
from </span><a href="http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/2012/08/scroll-down-for-english-en-abril.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">mostly recycled materials</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">. Remember to add a cup of soil, dry leaves or ashes with each use. If
you do not have room to plant an infinite number of trees, you can plant
vegetables, like pumpkins, and dig a new hole in the same spot after at least
two years.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Also, check out the Simple UDDTs I published in </span><a href="http://www.ecosan.at/ssp/issue-06-toilets/issue-06-toilets"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Sustainable Sanitation Practice</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"> and various other models on my </span><a href="http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">blog</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">, some of which have beautiful ceramic floors set into thin ferrocement
that only needs a half a sack of cement. And set up a </span><a href="http://www.tippytap.org/" target="_blank" title="Tippy Tap"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">TippyTap</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"> to wash
your hands.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"> </span></i><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">What
about all the billions of people in the world who wash their back sides with
water?</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">I have been thinking about all the billions of “washers” in the world,
who use water for anal cleansing, and how they could use this Free UDDT … and
have come up with the following solution. A second Ecological Urinal could be
made and marked “Anal and Hand Washwater”, which would be laid on the ground,
or propped nearly on the ground, to catch this water. (The lip on this urinal
can be bigger to prevent this dirty water from coming out, and two sticks in
the ground can prevent it from rolling.) A TippyTap could provide this water,
such that the user can step on its pedal to acquire water for washing, without
touching the vessel or contaminating its contents. After anal cleansing, the
user can stand the urinal up and continue washing his or her hands.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">(A TippyTap is a plastic bottle hung on a pole, with another stick on a
string that one steps on to tip it and receive a stream of water through a hole
in the bottle that was made with a red-hot nail. Standard versions can be seen
at </span><a href="http://www.tippytap.org/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">http://www.tippytap.org</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"> and a version that fills automatically with the rain can be seen at </span><a href="http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/2012/04/aumentamos-un-tacho.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/2012/04/aumentamos-un-tacho.html</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"> )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"><br />
This little bit of blackwater could be poured into a narrow hole in the ground
(a “soak pit”), like a post hole, which could be filled with stones, especially
if there is a tendency for the walls to cave in. One could also put a plank as
a lid to keep flies and smells from coming and going. If the site has really
high groundwater or flooding, some kind of Constructed Wetland of plants would
be called for to purify this wastewater.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">
</span>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>And
if we want to sit …?</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">You
can build a bench, as can be seen on my </span></span></span><a href="http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: #0070c0;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><i>blog</i></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">,
but I do want to remind you that squatting is the most natural
position for defecation (which everyone used for millions of years)
therefore:</span></span></span></div>
<ul>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">there
is less constipation,</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">there
are fewer hemorrhoids,</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">it
is more hygienic (since genitals do not touch anything),</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">it
is more accessible for small children, and</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">the
evacuation is more complete.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">It
is also usually easier and more economical to build for squatting,
plus there is better separation of the urine.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"><b>
</b></span>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Where
could this go?</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">By
using this minimalist do-it-yourself toilet, people can not only
resolve this sanitary problem themselves immediately, but they can
also demonstrate to governments, foundations, and others that they
understand and embrace the concept and practice of Urine-diverting
Dry Toilets. Many planners and decision-makers would discard this
option as a utopian dream that could never be feasible, but in
reality local citizens are often much more practical, proactive and
down-to-earth than their “leaders”. Once people demonstrate that
they can properly manage this bare-bones UDDT, governments and
foundations would be much more confident in building fancier,
permanent units for these same users. Too many UDDTs have been built
and given to the users, with everyone simply hoping that they will
use them correctly, and then they are abandoned or misused, because
the users were not adequately prepared and convinced of the system.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">In
fact, this simple toilet could be used as a test for these users to
confirm their spot on the list of permanent and elegant UDDTs to be
built. After a week of use, someone could visit to see how they have
been used, and this would put pressure on them to actually understand
and use the toilet and to actually use it properly, since no one
would want to be crossed off the list for being messy or not being
able to follow instructions.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">This
design can thus be considered a low but solid rung in the ladder of
increasingly user-friendly UDDTs. With it, those 2.6 billion could
quickly have a toilet, maybe with some creative redistribution of
these plastic “wastes”, especially considering that, since these
polypropylene sacks are protected from the damaging rays of the sun,
they can be used again and again, year after year. This toilet is
accessible to anyone in the world who can rescue a few selected
things out of the trash and has a clear decision to keep the
environment cleaner and more productive. </span></span></span>
</div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"><b> </b><br />
<i>If you have any questions or suggestions about this simple toilet, please
let me know. I also invite you to read more about the current problems of
sanitation in this </i></span><a href="http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/water-sanitation/"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">interview</span></i></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"> and
more about Urine-diverting Dry Toilets in this </span></i><a href="http://www.chekhovskalashnikov.com/human-waste-disposal/"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">interview</span></i></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="background: blue; color: white; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"> Keep
water clean </span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F6B26B; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"><br /> <span style="color: #783f04;">by keeping sh*t
dirty. </span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"></span></div>
</div>
Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-70371269881373957932013-10-20T16:35:00.001-07:002014-08-23T02:17:23.506-07:00A Free Minimalist UDDT (part 1)<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>ES-EC</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"/>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>ES-EC</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"/>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">A
Free Minimalist Urine-diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT) for the Unhoused, Poor or
Disaster-stricken</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">(This was first graciously published at</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">http://www.phlush.org/2013/10/14/a-minimalist-costless-urine-diverting-dry-toilet-uddt-for-the-unhoused-poor-or-disaster-stricken/</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">after they had asked me about simple options for homeless people.) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="background: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">(Para español, vea:<br />http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/2013/11/un-inodoro-seco-sin-costo-que-cualquier.html.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large;">Shifting from wasteful, expensive, contaminating, water-based toilets to
decentralized, environmentally friendly, dry toilets should be more a matter of
paradigm shift than capital investment. This is especially true for those who
have little money, are potentially living on the street, or are in the upheaval
of an emergency.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">The key things that a </span><a href="http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/Ecological_Sanitation_2004.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">UDDT</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"> needs to do are: (1)
jail up the potentially dangerous feces that may transmit many terrible
diseases (including diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, and intestinal worm eggs) long
enough for these to die and (2) set the urine free on the soil, where
it is excellent fertilizer for the plants and transmits no disease. This
separation also greatly reduces the potential for stench and keeps the volume
of dangerous material small and manageable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">The following minimalist toilet is entirely functional and is made with
just a few readily available materials that can be rescued from the garbage:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Two 4-liter plastic bottles, like those used
to sell bleach.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">50 centimeters of tape.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">2 meters of string.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Four sticks, 25 centimeters long (or a box the
right size).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Some normal, woven, polypropylene sacks, like
those used to sell 100 pounds of flour, rice, or whatever. Biodegradable,
jute bags (like coffee sacks) can also be used and even have an advantage
(see #7, below).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">A small sheet of plastic.</span></li>
</ul>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">Instructions</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">(1) <b>Make a portable, ecological urinal from the two
bottles</b>, cutting one diagonally (as shown) and joining them together
mouth-to-mouth with tape and then firmly with string. This is a very useful
item, even if one has a more up-scale outhouse, as it can be used for peeing
next to bed in the middle of the night, without having to go out into the dark
among snakes, insects, rapists or other creatures. It can also be used during
the day wherever there is enough privacy.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgws-TnkE7q9TFqqvzQdy24fz5oX7z4quAT33CqeoxyQZYYkCHKLq5KJBDUwhnCHGBRFlnIFY94r1tqlWrBnOuYeVbTjAAiMCUpEwLdGNg5je9GlQ5-JSReAHz3C9CMA3HRrLUkWjQy968/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgws-TnkE7q9TFqqvzQdy24fz5oX7z4quAT33CqeoxyQZYYkCHKLq5KJBDUwhnCHGBRFlnIFY94r1tqlWrBnOuYeVbTjAAiMCUpEwLdGNg5je9GlQ5-JSReAHz3C9CMA3HRrLUkWjQy968/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+1.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">While standing with urine in it, this urinal emits very little smell,
since the mouths of the bottles are small and the top bottle blocks the movement
of air across these mouths. Each day, it gets rinsed with water to avoid smell
developing with the fermentation of the urine.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">This costless urinal is very practical for collecting urine, diluting it
with at least three times as much graywater, and pouring this excellent
fertilizer on the soil among one’s crop plants … or among the ornamental plants
in the city park to help them flower more beautifully. One could also dump
the urine into a sewer drain, but that would waste the nutrients, increase public
spending on wastewater treatment, and contribute to the formation of anoxic
dead zones in rivers and oceans.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">(2) <b>Push the four sticks into the ground</b>, to a
height of about 12 centimeters. If one prefers (or especially if the floor is
cement and you cannot poke sticks into the ground), a cardboard, wooden or
plastic box the right size could be used instead of the sticks.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9lIjuTaPVrYwuO_s0tJzY69OfbaxQvit_Ai965CAIyPiZc7C5ESpwHlOof3DnuJexQwTvAva5Vl_F4jgpWyF74lvVXn4yq7ss4grgQC9sfyf0NKRvgkGKUAkHaVckxTsgRg57onrHk_k/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9lIjuTaPVrYwuO_s0tJzY69OfbaxQvit_Ai965CAIyPiZc7C5ESpwHlOof3DnuJexQwTvAva5Vl_F4jgpWyF74lvVXn4yq7ss4grgQC9sfyf0NKRvgkGKUAkHaVckxTsgRg57onrHk_k/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+2.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">(3) <b>Roll down the edge of the sack and place it over
the sticks</b>. Put in a cup of dry soil where the first deposit will fall. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">If
you like, a layer of dry leaves can be placed in the bottom of the
sack first.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiU124qsvlZkBOfNAbP-07P_-ZX7JqSqHaOZkNlnz6Hjk_ZX2RWSwgmzqMCEH4w3RakI7n5Kt0JLs9QaPZT56VD9T9ghHYo4uK-EpdsqpP_HJtSiqWCIRvbE3zTcp6i9wQUcikpYwFH2M/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiU124qsvlZkBOfNAbP-07P_-ZX7JqSqHaOZkNlnz6Hjk_ZX2RWSwgmzqMCEH4w3RakI7n5Kt0JLs9QaPZT56VD9T9ghHYo4uK-EpdsqpP_HJtSiqWCIRvbE3zTcp6i9wQUcikpYwFH2M/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+3.jpg" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">(4) <b>Put your heels against the sack, squat down,
hold the urinal inclined in front of you, and release your load of nutrients</b>.
The feces will fall neatly into the sack, while the urine flows neatly into the
urinal. Then, stand up the urinal until the next convenient opportunity to
spread it on the soil. Place the paper, leaves, corn cobs or whatever was used
for wiping together with the feces. (Arrange for privacy however you like,
maybe with palm fronds stuck in the ground.)</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0O2pav6mh_PXOd54BtsO0GxJc3hNnWTfkTY2a1bViSN0YCaO7usuBxnM23-wk7eS1zSGLpF8JWzS1Txk34NssjLAswqhAtvLQMQ4xPSREbFmeVGRIrXGHC_ch0hESW2EsD56osUuFJRA/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0O2pav6mh_PXOd54BtsO0GxJc3hNnWTfkTY2a1bViSN0YCaO7usuBxnM23-wk7eS1zSGLpF8JWzS1Txk34NssjLAswqhAtvLQMQ4xPSREbFmeVGRIrXGHC_ch0hESW2EsD56osUuFJRA/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+4.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">(5) <b>Put a cup of dry soil</b> on top of the
feces to cover them, control the smell, keep flies from laying their eggs, and
inoculate them with beneficial decomposer soil microbes. Keep a stick in the
sack to accommodate the feces and paper, facilitate them being covered adequately
by the soil, and fill the space in an orderly way (always grabbing the
non-sh*tty end of the stick). One of the best soils for this consists of the
decomposed feces from a previous cycle, as seen here, with some sawdust mixed
in if it is too compact.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiE0g7sL-J1PWmeBLGCmDbL3vbErw7XY382wrTtA5k-gtKOch32MGD_K8GjV4LUGuTxnG438QOBUZ-f7-rABsD4MLPKLRrW1zlnRc0VMRju-f9vciUYwIuyD_P2tvYigx6_jGlnOuibbs/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiE0g7sL-J1PWmeBLGCmDbL3vbErw7XY382wrTtA5k-gtKOch32MGD_K8GjV4LUGuTxnG438QOBUZ-f7-rABsD4MLPKLRrW1zlnRc0VMRju-f9vciUYwIuyD_P2tvYigx6_jGlnOuibbs/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+5.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">(6) When not in use, <b>cover the whole thing tightly
with a sheet of plastic</b> to keep rain, flies and curious eyes out.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi86m_rrvwoQqrg2PIuVIkS8qCdSJVbCcLEfBIKFgZ_GX5Eq0MFquiFJPoKnzM2a1lP-4s4f22p80-OhFKBIPbEm49-WBJkoheimNKqh2IRYHr49xbSqHVDTUBfVCmltkOwhJqp_SnW5YA/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi86m_rrvwoQqrg2PIuVIkS8qCdSJVbCcLEfBIKFgZ_GX5Eq0MFquiFJPoKnzM2a1lP-4s4f22p80-OhFKBIPbEm49-WBJkoheimNKqh2IRYHr49xbSqHVDTUBfVCmltkOwhJqp_SnW5YA/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+6.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.phlush.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/b-minimal-UDDT-6.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">(7) <b>When full</b> (to a height of nearly the 12
cm), or when the users are moving on, <b>tie the sack shut</b> with a
tag that says something like, “Open this package of rich organic soil only
after XX/X/20XX (say a year from now) when it is safe to use in agriculture”
and hide it somewhere protected against the rain and sun, like under a bridge.
Another option would be to bury the sack, preferably in dry, well aerated soil
(potentially under that same bridge). These sacks could also be stacked on a layer of rocks or sticks and covered with a sheet of plastic to protect them from the rain (maybe under a tree to protect the plastic from the sun).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.phlush.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/b-minimal-UDDT-7.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPGPLPGO348eipXQzv96aLqaAoeSBzxQ_02yzhfLpEuT1_qvR8ix4CMPIyM7PHhxya0WdRfz1B-DOWAdl0ucO9roVq6DLuzbGmX0BqOgt9fLoaPfTwO6-omUyZ4j7KSB0oluPAZZgdH4Q/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPGPLPGO348eipXQzv96aLqaAoeSBzxQ_02yzhfLpEuT1_qvR8ix4CMPIyM7PHhxya0WdRfz1B-DOWAdl0ucO9roVq6DLuzbGmX0BqOgt9fLoaPfTwO6-omUyZ4j7KSB0oluPAZZgdH4Q/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+7.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">The feces should dry and decompose for at least 6 months in the Tropics
or a year in Temperate Countries (longer if buried in the soil), so that the
pathogens die and it is no longer dangerous.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">If the users are there long enough, or come back, they can use this new
soil themselves in agriculture, or recycle it as an excellent cover material
for new feces in the UDDT once again. More fecophobic people might want to only
put it in the bottoms of holes for planting trees, which is also a great use.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">The advantage of using biodegradable, jute sacks is that one can just
throw the recently filled sack in the bottom of a hole, plant a tree on top of
it, and forget about it (until you wonder why the tree is growing so fast and
with such luscious fruits).</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;">(Continue reading for a discussion of this system <a href="http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/2013/10/a-free-minimalist-uddt-part-2.html">here</a>.) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-45951761829694974562013-10-09T06:04:00.000-07:002013-11-26T18:30:20.691-08:00Primer Vistazo a los Jardines Verticales de Botellas<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHTRrfPNAyzYfNsAGow1s6vx6AjEtdwxwsx5-MWiUr4pFdZ9yYFLSh6Uscmiimr20NmThOOXMDuL955qfqHnWDcFij77pDVtH8IqCBfky5r21nBTc-RNFmoXHi1lu4tk4dRbkUgSDQBEI/s1600/vertical+garden+002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHTRrfPNAyzYfNsAGow1s6vx6AjEtdwxwsx5-MWiUr4pFdZ9yYFLSh6Uscmiimr20NmThOOXMDuL955qfqHnWDcFij77pDVtH8IqCBfky5r21nBTc-RNFmoXHi1lu4tk4dRbkUgSDQBEI/s320/vertical+garden+002.jpg" width="180" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY_86Mn1CqxQf4kbZYebP1ph058yxJWyQP0UTgwEdi4sUO9lVmnkzPrRRN4Cc7DqW4Trc5Baz9EfuOPV9Q5lbEp2wVY5Fc-qZqSCRn-ZAqMnI7o9_B3T3VdKSHEOHsSqC2yFkG2dtL830/s1600/vertical+garden+007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY_86Mn1CqxQf4kbZYebP1ph058yxJWyQP0UTgwEdi4sUO9lVmnkzPrRRN4Cc7DqW4Trc5Baz9EfuOPV9Q5lbEp2wVY5Fc-qZqSCRn-ZAqMnI7o9_B3T3VdKSHEOHsSqC2yFkG2dtL830/s320/vertical+garden+007.jpg" width="180" /></a></div>
En estas fotos de acercamiento, podemos ver cómo el punto de contacto entre las botellas que contienen el suelo en forma vertical y las plantas que crecen en este suelo. Esta es una gran opción para convertir la heces descompuestas y la orina humana en saludables frutas, vegetales y plantas medicinales (como esta planta morada de Escansel, que es bueno para el riñón). Con estos, se puede hacer agricultura urbana, encima de las terrazas de los edificios, pegados a sus paredes o incluso formar las mismas paredes de nuevas casas.<br />
<br />
Desean ver cómo los construyo? Favor escribirme, para que yo sepa que haya interés.<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en_US" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/3.0/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0;" /></a><br />
<span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/InteractiveResource" property="dct:title" rel="dct:type" xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">PET Bottle Vertical Gardens</span> by <a href="http://www.blogger.com/inodoroseco.blogspot.com" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">Chris Canaday</a> is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en_US" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License</a>.<br />
Based on a work at <a href="http://www.blogger.com/inodoroseco.blogspot.com" rel="dct:source" xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">inodoroseco.blogspot.com</a>.<br />
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at <a href="http://www.blogger.com/inodoroseco.blogspot.com" rel="cc:morePermissions" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#">inodoroseco.blogspot.com</a>.
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">Sneak Peek at the Vertical Gardens made from Bottles</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">In these close-ups, we can see the point of contact between the bottles that hold the soil vertically and the plants that grow in this soil. This is a great alternative for safely converting human urine and decomposed feces into healthful fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants (like this purple Escansel plant, which is good for the kidney). With these, we can do urban agriculture, on the roofs of buildings, stuck to their walls, or even forming the walls of new houses.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: cyan;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">Do you want to see how I build these? Write me, so I can know if there is interest.</span></span>Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-72255333389810622352013-06-06T18:08:00.000-07:002013-07-27T04:00:58.430-07:00Un Video sobre el Manejo de Heces en Sacos <iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/G2sPbBoliSo" width="420"></iframe><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gracias al voluntario uruguayo, Federico Fredes (fedebongo@gmail.com), hemos hecho un lindo video bilingüe sobre cómo manejar las heces de los inodoros secos en sacos tejidos de polipropileno. También se ve el producto final --<span style="font-size: small;">después de m<span style="font-size: small;">ás q<span style="font-size: small;">ue un año--</span></span></span> que usamos otra vez para cubrir las heces nuevas, cuando ya no representa ningún peligro y es lo mejor para controlar los olores y moscas e inocular al nuevo depósito con los microbios que decompusieron todo en la vuelta anterior. Disfruta la m<span style="font-size: small;">úsica de </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="st">diyiridú</span> de Australia. T<span style="font-size: small;">odo comentario o sugerencia bienvenido.</span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">A Video about Managing Feces in Sacks</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Thanks to the Uruguayan volunteer, Federico Fredes (fedebongo@gmail.com), we made this nice little Spanish/English video about how to manage feces from UDDTs in woven polypropylene sacks. It also shows the final product --after more than a year-- which we use to cover the new feces, when it no longer represents any danger and is the best cover material for controlling smell and flies, while inoculating the new deposit with the microbes that decomposed everything in the previous cycle. Enjoy the Australian didgeridoo music. All comments and suggestions are welcome. </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0Pastaza, Ecuador-1.4829886856602688 -77.958984375-1.9908976856602689 -78.604431375 -0.9750796856602687 -77.313537375tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-50966035573263694702013-05-06T11:11:00.000-07:002014-10-12T04:01:30.297-07:00Urinarios Ecológicos / Ecological Urinals<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAbpdUGN-TT7PgYkf8mG8KThscS5cwUd1OgpnV1cxbKI0W1XsWAOSYmxGmrxqoaslwF3VPmVeKc6deHUno45lkHJLd3lipT9dmfi_IsS5VXKowh_1PjeL5wnNGiazGvUqh3Y9DDgM9hJs/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAbpdUGN-TT7PgYkf8mG8KThscS5cwUd1OgpnV1cxbKI0W1XsWAOSYmxGmrxqoaslwF3VPmVeKc6deHUno45lkHJLd3lipT9dmfi_IsS5VXKowh_1PjeL5wnNGiazGvUqh3Y9DDgM9hJs/s1600/b+minimal+UDDT+1.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNapQI2wiLsDuurlagBp3MNEngphJEWumcjwT_3a7mPYUZGI-HDHYckgA-dURzLEKT5FhJ8UPrVXkp9ErnntkQbUFsfJWZFj9OxxbyNeUpnF40ml4cmDly-TlXjKQ25tN6GS1J-aImrpo/s1600/Urinario+Ecologico.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNapQI2wiLsDuurlagBp3MNEngphJEWumcjwT_3a7mPYUZGI-HDHYckgA-dURzLEKT5FhJ8UPrVXkp9ErnntkQbUFsfJWZFj9OxxbyNeUpnF40ml4cmDly-TlXjKQ25tN6GS1J-aImrpo/s320/Urinario+Ecologico.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> (<span style="background-color: cyan;">Scroll down for English</span>)</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Los Urinarios Ecológicos tienen cada vez más popularidad. Es fácil cortar una poma de 4 litros en diágonal y unirla con cinta y piola a otra poma que ha quedado intacta. Hombres y mujeres podemos orinar directamente en este urinario, en la privacidad del dormitorio u otro cuarto, para luego dispersar este excelente fertilizante en el suelo entre las plantas. En lugares secos, o cuando se trata de plantas delicadas, es mejor diluir la orina con 3 o más veces más agua (que puede ser "aguas grises" de haber lavado los platos o de habernos bañado). Después, se le enjuaga con agua, no hay problema con olores y está listo para usarse de nuevo. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Se agradece a la Lavandería La Mocita de Puyo (que donó las pomas que habían tenido cloro), a Federico (un voluntario uruguayo que ayudó a armar estos urinarios) y a las 4 modelos.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">El acompañamiento de la boa constrictor es opcional.</span></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Ecológical Urinals</b></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ecological Urinals are getting more and more popular. It is easy to cut a 4-liter jug diagonally and connect it with tape and string to another, intact jug. Men and women can urinate directly into these, in the privacy of their bedrooms, to later spread this excellent fertilizer on the soil among crop plants. In dry places, or when the plants are particularly delicate, it is best to dilute the urine with 3 or more times more water (which may be "greywater" from having washed the dishes or from having bathed ourselves). Afterwards, it should be rinsed with water, to avoid any smell problem, and it is ready to use again. </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Many thanks to Lavandería La Mocita in Puyo (that donated these jugs that had previously held bleach), to Federico (a Uruguayan volunteer who helped to put this batch of urinals together), and to the 4 models.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">The watchful eye of the boa constrictor is optional.</span></span><br />
<br />
<br />Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-11606419848398036272012-08-26T04:33:00.000-07:002012-08-26T04:47:19.505-07:00Un modelo (parcialmente reciclado) de ArborLoo<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhusFZRiH_kNePTOEIRjqH-IZ5emQRcAq0L8Whg59HUv5-53hxbm-9fOEvocIp8iEIxi14BnU2M9D_qjJDREgEvxp-zDYkOwG8R10XhDgpDvKQt7Q2oSaTJlvyyXxedeGNqBjOGCoNltP8/s1600/skeleton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhusFZRiH_kNePTOEIRjqH-IZ5emQRcAq0L8Whg59HUv5-53hxbm-9fOEvocIp8iEIxi14BnU2M9D_qjJDREgEvxp-zDYkOwG8R10XhDgpDvKQt7Q2oSaTJlvyyXxedeGNqBjOGCoNltP8/s320/skeleton.jpg" width="179" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFsld5jw3DNVeYkCi_mtHgAwqcnYIN8MizYl_aEh7v1U9dzkQN3P06Xf8xRNiHSUPp2wPW3KxxZXXZKMtJRgejuEt8ZnTtxEw2_sW7zkmqbvpYpM9UlpR8F1iY9Cc2W7016THGAkesWWA/s1600/more+skeleton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFsld5jw3DNVeYkCi_mtHgAwqcnYIN8MizYl_aEh7v1U9dzkQN3P06Xf8xRNiHSUPp2wPW3KxxZXXZKMtJRgejuEt8ZnTtxEw2_sW7zkmqbvpYpM9UlpR8F1iY9Cc2W7016THGAkesWWA/s320/more+skeleton.jpg" width="202" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF-aoRK4IAtKSrIJd5vWVcmpGBHL-SbvdhZ979v5f_A6jUf1tBA-LQrs4uL55aaMemBEcKOXlEZAv97BqBVTMmuX_szuSIKaX73hZ47tqjQCEPT290v9zKmKiPne0gRJMeZqrp7vblwLY/s1600/seat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF-aoRK4IAtKSrIJd5vWVcmpGBHL-SbvdhZ979v5f_A6jUf1tBA-LQrs4uL55aaMemBEcKOXlEZAv97BqBVTMmuX_szuSIKaX73hZ47tqjQCEPT290v9zKmKiPne0gRJMeZqrp7vblwLY/s320/seat.jpg" width="179" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioKLaOXQjit3pCqX_JuPTaqeWgoGbY3UFBtqXdmZWNFny6zbTuWlqrX8QSKFW-0aIBi3OrOUeKJhq1cr7Ruylks6LCygEyX1skKtpPLMckGBwkw8tDTQ5xn84-E2YT68L7iLVcJZ4QXEA/s1600/bench.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioKLaOXQjit3pCqX_JuPTaqeWgoGbY3UFBtqXdmZWNFny6zbTuWlqrX8QSKFW-0aIBi3OrOUeKJhq1cr7Ruylks6LCygEyX1skKtpPLMckGBwkw8tDTQ5xn84-E2YT68L7iLVcJZ4QXEA/s320/bench.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg38GFwxOInMH2ah-ilXQUBsAZzucfiz-1JcBXwzjL0VKgHnDlzMX2doeTvJgdc5SX5XKH7jy7Q-t7F9YiRbU1E2KUvtoBZ6bXBp15OoJgEkwllR9ScXs0iRMmHOxJcmuLe4sEq_uGA0Rs/s1600/looking+down+the+hole.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg38GFwxOInMH2ah-ilXQUBsAZzucfiz-1JcBXwzjL0VKgHnDlzMX2doeTvJgdc5SX5XKH7jy7Q-t7F9YiRbU1E2KUvtoBZ6bXBp15OoJgEkwllR9ScXs0iRMmHOxJcmuLe4sEq_uGA0Rs/s320/looking+down+the+hole.jpg" width="178" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIuKYL6Nke83Z4Yok9rJgQENnf6VWHV9zwtXBmkzceY56IDa5AzaIfAiOU5sHfFTy96FBfiD0eD6gwc0u7hbWhp6QL6Yy7WViYoShCJXscD8qQlPuw-Idf_sjl7h8vROCr4moGo3BARKQ/s1600/ArborLoo+Finished+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIuKYL6Nke83Z4Yok9rJgQENnf6VWHV9zwtXBmkzceY56IDa5AzaIfAiOU5sHfFTy96FBfiD0eD6gwc0u7hbWhp6QL6Yy7WViYoShCJXscD8qQlPuw-Idf_sjl7h8vROCr4moGo3BARKQ/s1600/ArborLoo+Finished+2.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF6U0im1s7GFyVrGlbE9PqXsIpulu3_5_yBRUDOxKXaIrJGePv7cq5cf_u2ZmzofpqQ0P-zgmbAEmjLVloQvOd5jARYLzqEsWiV-X5EjAZqubYpsJqeMJ8lt14aMngw9ZER19shNYATpY/s1600/TetraPak+door.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF6U0im1s7GFyVrGlbE9PqXsIpulu3_5_yBRUDOxKXaIrJGePv7cq5cf_u2ZmzofpqQ0P-zgmbAEmjLVloQvOd5jARYLzqEsWiV-X5EjAZqubYpsJqeMJ8lt14aMngw9ZER19shNYATpY/s320/TetraPak+door.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: #66ffff;">(Scroll down for English)</span><br />
<br />
En
abril, hicimos un modelo económica y ecológicamente amigable de
ArborLoo, dentro de un curso de capacitación del Cuerpo de Paz, en
Tumbaco, en las afueras de Quito. <br />
<br />
El ArborLoo es un tipo de sanitario ecológico ideado por Peter
Morgan (Zimbabwe), en la cual se construye una casita liviana y portátil
que se coloca sobre una serie de huecos poco profundos, donde luego se
siembran árboles. Es aplicable solo en lugares con tierras relativamente
secas y absorbentes. Uno de sus mayores ventajas es las heces se quedan
encapsuladas en la tierra y nadie tiene que manejarlas (hasta que estén
convertidas en deliciosas frutas en el árbol). (Vea los libros de Peter
en <a href="http://www.ecosanres.org/" target="_blank">www.ecosanres.org</a>.)<br />
<br />
Los más sobresalientes aspectos del nuevo modelo son:<br />
<ul>
<li>El
techo es hecho de plástico PET cortado de botellas desechables. (Pondré
más detalle sobre cómo se hace esto en otra entrada). Esto permite
entrar más luz y aire, además de reducir su costo y su huella ecológica.</li>
<li>Tiene un tubo de ventilación, hecho de botellas desechables de plástico PET (3 litros,
12 cm diámetro), que va desde la banca hasta arriba del techo, para
desalojar posibles olores.</li>
<li>La pared de privacidad es de plástico blanco, lo cual también permite pasar gran cantidad de luz.</li>
<li>La puerta está hecha de cartones de TetraPak, abiertos y cosidos y luego
grapados sobre un marco de madera. TetraPak es muy durable, muy
abundante y poco reciclable (de forma convencional).</li>
<li>Sus
dimensiones son 80 cm de ancho, 120 cm de largo, y 2 m de alto. La mitad
del largo es el piso y la otra mitad es la banca. La banca es de 38 cm
de alto. El hueco cilíndrico en la tierra es de 100 cm de profundo y 50
cm en diámetro.<br />
</li>
<li>Una capa de vinil cubre el piso y la banca, para mayor elegancia y
para facilitar su limpieza. También cubre la superficie interior de la
banca, donde choca la orina.</li>
<li>La madera es utilizada solo en el esqueleto, piso y banca, así reduciendo
el peso de la casita y su contribución a la deforestación. (Se puede proteger la madera con aceite quemado de motores.)</li>
<li>Como
toda la estructura es liviana y podría ser llevada por el viento, es
sujetada a la tierra por medio de una soga y dos estacas.</li>
<li>Los usuarios deben agregar una taza de tierra seca, cenizas, etc. después de cada depósito. </li>
</ul>
Opinamos
que este modelo podrá tener gran aplicación en lugares donde la tierra
es absorbente y donde hay espacio para sembrar árboles. Si no hay mucho
espacio, se puede sembrar especies que viven poco tiempo, como el Banano
y el Tomate de Árbol. Si la tierra no está tan absorbente, se podría
mantener separada la orina (como en los UDDT de este blog), lo que
también facilitaría su reciclaje como fertilizante.<br />
<br />
Agradezgo mucho la ayuda de los voluntarios de Cuerpo de Paz, sus colaboradores locales y su coordinadora Eveliz.<br />
- - -<br />
<span style="background-color: #66ffff;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">A (largely recycled) New Model of ArborLoo</span></b><br />
</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #66ffff;">In Abril,
we built an economically and ecologically friendly model of ArborLoo,
within a training course on Ecological Sanitation for the Peace Corps,
in Tumbaco, in the outskirts of Quito.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #66ffff;">An ArborLoo is a type
of ecological toilet that was thought up by Peter Morgan of Zimbabwe,
in which a lightweight, portable outhouse is put over a series of
shallow holes where trees are later planted. This is applicable only
where the soil is relatively dry and absorbent. One of its greatest
advantages is that the feces remain encapsulated in the earth and no one
has to deal with them (until they are converted into delicious fruits
on the tree). (See Peter's books on <a href="http://www.ecosanres.org/" target="_blank">www.ecosanres.org</a>.)<br />
</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #66ffff;">The details:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: #66ffff;">The
roof is made from PET plastic cut from disposable bottles. (I will post
more detail on how to do this later.) This permits the entry of more
light and air, in addition to reducing its cost and ecological
footprint.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #66ffff;">A ventilation pipe
is also made from disposable PET plastic bottles (3 liters, 12 cm
diameter), that reaches from the bench to above the roof, to vent
possible odors.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #66ffff;">The privacy walls are made of white plastic, which also lets lots of light in.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #66ffff;">The
door is made from TetraPak cartons, opened out and sewn together, then
stapled to a wooden frame. TetraPak is very durable, abundant, and does
not lend itself very well to conventional recycling.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #66ffff;">Its dimensions are
80 cm wide, 120 cm long, and 2 m high. Half of the length is the floor
and the other half is the bench. The bench is 38 cm high. The
cylindrical hole in the ground is 100 cm deep and 50 cm diameter.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #66ffff;">Linoleum covers the
floor and bench, for more elegance and to facilitate cleaning. There is
also linoleum on the inner surface of the bench, to protect the wood
from the urine.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #66ffff;">Wood is only used in
the frame, floor and bench, thus reducing the weight of the outhouse
and its contribution to deforestation. (The wood can be protected with
used motor oil.)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #66ffff;">Since the structure is so light and could be blown around by the wind, it is tied down to the ground with a rope and two stakes.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #66ffff;">Users should add a cup of dry soil, ashes, etc. after each deposit.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #66ffff;">We think this
model could have wide application in places where the soil is absorbent
and there is enough room to plant trees. If there is not so much room,
species that do not live so long, such as Bananas or Tree Tomatoes,
could be planted. If the soil is not so absorbent, urine could be kept
separate (as in the UDDTs of this blog), which would also facilitate its
recycling as fertilizer.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #66ffff;">Many thanks to the Peace Corps Volunteers, their local counterparts, and their coordinator Eveliz.</span>Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-39478288068951042202012-04-02T05:12:00.005-07:002013-10-12T01:16:51.444-07:00Aumentamos un tacho<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7W7JacbPlzuquhwIk1Nhu_N7ZL7cpIx5VWAD3wt-N9id3T6sdxi7psQTERXSLRFXTn3ey1alKL-RgwEMhZ0ZOlGiKn9hL6kDDkvLvsMmMfsUWb3sVApBErzZiOjGZVvzY6ju3dDugktI/s1600/pumpuentsa+tippy+tap+and+plastic+container.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5726776603111839666" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7W7JacbPlzuquhwIk1Nhu_N7ZL7cpIx5VWAD3wt-N9id3T6sdxi7psQTERXSLRFXTn3ey1alKL-RgwEMhZ0ZOlGiKn9hL6kDDkvLvsMmMfsUWb3sVApBErzZiOjGZVvzY6ju3dDugktI/s400/pumpuentsa+tippy+tap+and+plastic+container.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 339px; margin: 0 10px 10px 0; width: 400px;" /></a><span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: verdana;">(Scroll down for English)</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: verdana;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMfTQtisfpFuj5TWorrwqasTT1J95eeG71fEiLsfgLoLBXyvHqTCMEH7Mrgg7pDHa23gB4Mqz5EjT6wBQSEksnWRKl97ac3LnpvlP4URCvMg8tYVwBigmoJdQV3KRiW9_wNOR3qO1XO9s/s1600/pumpuentsa+tippy+tap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMfTQtisfpFuj5TWorrwqasTT1J95eeG71fEiLsfgLoLBXyvHqTCMEH7Mrgg7pDHa23gB4Mqz5EjT6wBQSEksnWRKl97ac3LnpvlP4URCvMg8tYVwBigmoJdQV3KRiW9_wNOR3qO1XO9s/s320/pumpuentsa+tippy+tap.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<br />
La idea de tener un saco destapado debajo del piso para colectar las heces asusta a muchas personas. En verdad, tenemos muy pocos problemas con esto, pero ha habido un par de casos de perros mañosos que jalan el saco (aunque aparentemente no para comer el contenido).<br />
<br />
Esto es razón suficiente para poner más seguridad y hemos comenzado a poner el saco en un tacho plástico (de color verde en la foto) que se deslisa justo debajo del piso sobre unos pequeños postes. Esto también facilita el cambio de los sacos. Estamos usando tachos de 40 litros que las compañías de aviación han dado de baja, cortamos la parte de encima, y un saco quintalero entra justo. Además, se puede huequear un poco el fondo para permitir la evaporación de la humedad y el ingreso de oxígeno.<br />
<br />
En la foto, Mercedes (una de las coordinadoras locales del proyecto) está lavando sus manos con el último modelo de nuestro Tippy Tap que se llena solito con la lluvia que viene del techo. Para esto, usamos pomas de 4 litros de aceite de motor, las cuales son molestosas para lavar, pero vale la pena, ya que son fuertes, abundantes y gratis. (Parece que la mejor manera de lavarlas es enjuagarlas con <span class="short_text" id="result_box" lang="es"><span class="hps alt-edited">diluyente para pintura, remojar en agua durante más de un día para sacar las etiquetas, y lavar con agua muy caliente con detergente.</span></span>)<br />
<br />
El tacho amarillo (también dado de baja) es para las cenizas.<br />
<br />
No se preocupen. Después, los usuarios pusieron paredes para dar privacidad.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 180%; font-weight: bold;">We added a bin</span><br /><br /> The idea of having an unprotected sack under the floor to collect feces freaks some people out. We have really had very few problems with this, but there have been a couple cases of unruly dogs that have pulled the sack loose (although not apparently to eat the contents).</span><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: verdana;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: verdana;"> This is reason enough to add some more security and we have started putting the sack inside a plastic container (green in the photo) that slides tightly below the floor on several small posts. This also makes it easier to change the sacks. We use 40-liter containers that aviation companies have decommissioned and give us for free, we cut the tops off, and a large, woven, polypropylene sack fits exactly into it. Also, holes can be made in the bottom, to allow humidity to evaporate out and oxygen to filter in.</span><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: verdana;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: verdana;"> In the photo, Mercedes (one of the local coordinators of the project) is washing her hands with our latest model of Tippy Tap that fills automatically with rain from the roof. We make these with 4-liter motor-oil jugs, which are a hassle to wash, but are worthwhile, since they are strong, abundant and free. (The best procedure for washing seems to be rinsing with paint thinner, soaking for over a day to get the labels off, and washing with very hot soapy water</span><span class="short_text" id="result_box" lang="es" style="color: #3333ff; font-family: verdana;"><span class="hps alt-edited">.</span></span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: verdana;">)</span><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: verdana;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: verdana;"> The yellow container (also decommissioned and free) is for storing the ashes.</span><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: verdana;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: verdana;"> Don't worry. The users later added privacy walls.</span>Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-78653387353422747492012-04-02T05:07:00.001-07:002012-04-02T05:09:19.396-07:00Nuevos videos y audios sobre Ecosan<span style="background-color:rgb(102,255,255)">(Scroll down for English.)</span><br /><br />Mi amigo, <b>Charles Thibodeau</b> (de Québec en Canadá), subió recientemente al internet un divertido video (con versiones en español, inglés y francés)<span></span> sobre los Inodoros Ecológicos Secos que hicimos con él en Tisaleo en 2010.<br /> <p>Español: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qn9OBsPKf5Q&feature=related" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?<wbr>v=qn9OBsPKf5Q&feature=related</a><br />English: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cSpIy7tMhM&feature=related" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?<wbr>v=2cSpIy7tMhM&feature=related</a><br />Francais: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wptEAdRKUWI" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?<wbr>v=wptEAdRKUWI</a><br /><br />Nuevamente, hay más detalles sobre este proyecto en el artículo que publicamos en Sustainable Sanitation Practice (desde la página 23)<br /><a href="http://www.ecosan.at/ssp/issue-06-toilets/issue-06-toilets" target="_blank">http://www.ecosan.at/ssp/<wbr>issue-06-toilets/issue-06-<wbr>toilets</a> <br /> </p><p>Otra amiga, <b>Carina Baskett</b> (de los Estados Unidos), hizo un excelente podcast de audio sobre Inodoros Ecológicos Secos, Círculos de Banano y Desinfección Solar del Agua<br /><a href="http://wanderingnature.com/post/6252848446/episode3" target="_blank">http://wanderingnature.com/<wbr>post/6252848446/episode3</a><br /> </p><p style="background-color:rgb(102,255,255)"><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>New Videos and Audio about EcoSan in Ecuador</b></span><br /></p><p style="background-color:rgb(102,255,255)">My friend, <b>Charles Thibodeau</b> (of Québec, Canada), has uploaded a fun little video (with versions in English, French and Spanish) about the UDDTs in Tisaleo in 2010.<br /> </p><p style="background-color:rgb(102,255,255)">Español: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qn9OBsPKf5Q&feature=related" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?<wbr>v=qn9OBsPKf5Q&feature=related</a><br />English: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cSpIy7tMhM&feature=related" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?<wbr>v=2cSpIy7tMhM&feature=related</a><br />Francais: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wptEAdRKUWI" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?<wbr>v=wptEAdRKUWI</a><br /> <br />Once again, there are more details on this project in the article we published in Sustainable Sanitation Practice ("Elegant yet Economical UDDTs in Ecuador", starting on page 23)<br /> <a href="http://www.ecosan.at/ssp/issue-06-toilets/issue-06-toilets" target="_blank">http://www.ecosan.at/ssp/<wbr>issue-06-toilets/issue-06-<wbr>toilets</a> <br /></p><span style="background-color:rgb(102,255,255)"> </span><p style="background-color:rgb(102,255,255)">Another friend, <b>Carina Baskett </b>(of the USA) has made a very polished and professional podcast about UDDTs, Banana Circles and Solar Disinfection of Water<br /> <a href="http://wanderingnature.com/post/6252848446/episode3" target="_blank">http://wanderingnature.com/<wbr>post/6252848446/episode3</a></p><p><br /></p>Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4890132914009224800.post-53432123423783842662011-12-26T15:18:00.000-08:002011-12-26T15:30:21.382-08:00Conferencia sobre Inodoros Secos en Finlandia<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUTJggKLxoguuvqSFUgXvE207dfM9eQAoLu-we4WrRCwkM9G5U-o54tS1GnKcs4gzsbj1xyQVQbMBPaAIWTeRBOz24y7066p9iDWC-7rj4uy46ThUTnOZlCHn_FAkQ_FjdT9D6TGwB9ow/s1600/DT2012.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 93px; height: 244px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUTJggKLxoguuvqSFUgXvE207dfM9eQAoLu-we4WrRCwkM9G5U-o54tS1GnKcs4gzsbj1xyQVQbMBPaAIWTeRBOz24y7066p9iDWC-7rj4uy46ThUTnOZlCHn_FAkQ_FjdT9D6TGwB9ow/s320/DT2012.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5690582912923678498" border="0" /></a><br />Esta es una gran oportunidad para exponer sus investigaciones sobre Inodoros Ecológicos Secos. Si quieren ayuda en traducir al inglés, será un gusto ayudarles yo. (Estoy en el comité científico.)<br /><br /><span style="background-color:rgb(102,255,255)">This is a great opportunity to let people know about your research on Dry Toilets, at this conference in Finland. If I can be of any help, please let me know. (I am a member of the scientific committee.)</span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><b><br /><a href="http://www.drytoilet.org/dt2012/" target="_blank">http://www.drytoilet.org/<wbr>dt2012/</a></b></span>Chris Canadayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08329909990400225650noreply@blogger.com0