A Free Minimalist UDDT (part 2)

Discussion

“Conventional wisdom” or fecophobia (the irrational fear of feces) may lead people to have the following doubts about this system:

Couldn’t the fecal pathogens get out through the woven cloth of the sack?

Aside from hookworm larvae, fecal pathogens do not actively move anywhere and just wait passively to get washed into someone’s drinking water, brushed onto someone’s unwashed hands before they eat, or carried by flies to someone else’s food. These are the risks of open defecation, with fecal pathogens set loose in the environment. Liquids do not flow out of these sacks, given the dry cover material we add after each use, the separation of the urine, and the protection against the rain. The permeability of the woven cloth is actually a positive thing, since this allows humidity to evaporate out and oxygen to filter in (without smell or flies coming or going), so the feces can decompose normally, with the pathogens dying off at an exponential rate. See an example of letting feces decompose in these woven sacks in this video.

As shown in this graph from the Humanure Handbook by Joseph Jenkins, fecal coliform bacteria die in the soil at an exponential rate.

Getting back to the hookworm larvae, they only travel through moist sandy or loamy soil (not clay), so some sticks or stones may be placed under the sack when it is placed under that bridge, and wood ash (which is alkaline) may also be placed on, around, and under the sacks. Furthermore, hookworms are not usually life-threatening, nor are they terribly common, with “only” up to some 740 million persons infected in the world, mostly in Africa and Southeast Asia. It is reasonably easy to check if people have them (using a microscope) and to wipe them out with chemicals or with natural alternatives, such as papaya seeds. Plus we should always remember that hookworm larvae can only be in the feces if the users have these worms. Pathogens cannot come out of nowhere, and, in the case of hookworms, the biggest factor is dogs practicing open defecation and the larvae crawling into people’s feet. (If you do not know what hookworms look like, see this article in the Examiner. Hookworms do not just eat people’s food, but instead their blood. They were clearly the inspiration for the creature in the movie Alien.)

Can we be absolutely sure that all the pathogens will die and that no one could possibly ever get sick via this system?

No. Someone could come along and open the sack before it is time, without reading the tag, but any system can go wrong if not used right. What we can be sure about is that all the fecal pathogens are still alive and kicking in people’s fresh feces that might otherwise go straight into the environment. We also know that these pathogens die off at an exponential rate as feces decompose. The important thing is to keep these nasties jailed up while this is happening and every day of containment is a victory in the war against disease. Essentially all of these pathogens are anaerobes adapted to live in the absence of oxygen, in the aqueous habitat inside our guts, and there is only a certain amount of time they can hang on in a dry, oxygenated substrate before infecting the next person. Given this situation, the most persistent fecal pathogens have evolved desiccation-resistant packaging, like the amoebic cyst and the shell of the Ascaris egg, but even these can only protect them for a certain amount of time.

A key factor is the rambunctious and relentless nature of the microbes in rich organic soil, eating everything that does not eat them first. Most pathogenic microbes would be easy prey to soil organisms and it has been shown that fecal bacteria die-off faster in species-rich soil, as I recommend using here, optimally with the reuse of finished compost as cover material, with exactly the microbes that broke down the feces of the previous cycle, and which are not human pathogens.

Schönning and Stenström (2004) recommend storing the feces, with an ample amount of wood ash or mineral lime for over 2 years in the Temperate Zone and 1 year in the Tropics. Personally, I think this is overcautious, especially in the biodiverse, warm Tropics, but these detention times can easily be applied if there is enough space and it makes people feel more comfortable. These times refer to the most persistent fecal pathogens, which are the eggs of the Ascaris Giant Roundworm, and all the really dangerous microbial pathogens are wiped out in less than three months. We have done trials to look for Ascaris eggs in our fecal compost, here in Amazonian Ecuador, and have yet to find any beyond four months of decomposition. More trials need to be done and a simpler, more conclusive protocol that mostly only requires a microscope needs to be developed. And even I store the feces for over a year, for more peace of mind of all the users.

No one wants to go on record recommending a detention time that may potentially allow someone to get sick, and this is especially the case with governmental and international organizations. I am nonetheless willing to go out on this limb, given that the worst alternative is to continue with the currently abundant cases of open defecation, raw sewage going straight into so many rivers and bays, and 2.6 billion people in the world that do not have any sort of decent toilet. And, if over time, we find that we should modify these suggested detention times (longer or shorter), we can do so.

Aren’t we supposed to store urine for a number of months to sanitize it before applying it on the soil?

This concern is due to the possibility that feces may have contaminated the urine through people using the UDDTs improperly or having accidents … and this is very unlikely with this “bare bones UDDT”, in which the user holds the urinal right where it needs to be. If an accident were to happen, the user could dump the urine in a hole in the ground and cover it up, instead of spreading it on the surface of the soil. In places where there is the Bilharzia parasite, Schistosoma haematobium, urine should be spread on the soil far from lakes and rivers, so that this parasite cannot get to the freshwater snails it needs to infect in order to continue its life cycle.

Won’t some animal, like a dog or a rat, tear open the sack and spread this dangerous material around?

Experience has shown that they do not, especially if we are using soil as a cover material, in particular that special recycled soil. There have been a couple of cases of mischievous dogs, but only when pure sawdust was being used as the cover material. Soil and finished compost are also among the best filters for odors.

Fecophobia aside, other important questions can arise:

Why should we protect the sacks from the sun?   

Wouldn’t the solar rays help to kill the pathogens?

Yes, they would, but the ultraviolet light also destroys the polypropylene plastic strands of the sacks. Solar ovens that take this into account would be a good idea (and we can be much more patient about baking feces for sanitation than about baking lunch for our urgent hunger). According to the following graph, we only need to achieve 65°C for an hour to kill all of the fecal pathogens, and this is much easier than the 100°C required to boil water. One time, a student and I made a simple solar oven from recycled materials, and we apparently got to above 80° C, because the PET plastic Coke bottle got deformed and the Ascaris eggs held within were also seen under the microscope to be deformed and almost certainly dead.

A graph showing the time necessary for various human fecal pathogens to die at different temperatures, from Feachem, R.G., Bradley, D.J., Garelick, H. and Mara, D.D. 1983. Sanitation and Disease – Health aspects of excreta and waste water management. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK (as reproduced in Schönning and Stenström 2004). For example, all pathogens die within one hour at 65° C, or within a month at 45° C.

What if we aren’t quite so broke and want something nicer?

You can do it. If your soil is fairly dry and absorbent and never gets flooded, think about making an ArborLoo, which is a lightweight outhouse that gets placed on one and another one-meter-deep holes where trees later get planted, like this one we made from mostly recycled materials. Remember to add a cup of soil, dry leaves or ashes with each use. If you do not have room to plant an infinite number of trees, you can plant vegetables, like pumpkins, and dig a new hole in the same spot after at least two years.

Also, check out the Simple UDDTs I published in Sustainable Sanitation Practice and various other models on my blog, some of which have beautiful ceramic floors set into thin ferrocement that only needs a half a sack of cement.  And set up a TippyTap to wash your hands.

 What about all the billions of people in the world who wash their back sides with water?

I have been thinking about all the billions of “washers” in the world, who use water for anal cleansing, and how they could use this Free UDDT … and have come up with the following solution. A second Ecological Urinal could be made and marked “Anal and Hand Washwater”, which would be laid on the ground, or propped nearly on the ground, to catch this water. (The lip on this urinal can be bigger to prevent this dirty water from coming out, and two sticks in the ground can prevent it from rolling.) A TippyTap could provide this water, such that the user can step on its pedal to acquire water for washing, without touching the vessel or contaminating its contents. After anal cleansing, the user can stand the urinal up and continue washing his or her hands.

(A TippyTap is a plastic bottle hung on a pole, with another stick on a string that one steps on to tip it and receive a stream of water through a hole in the bottle that was made with a red-hot nail. Standard versions can be seen at http://www.tippytap.org and a version that fills automatically with the rain can be seen at http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/2012/04/aumentamos-un-tacho.html )

This little bit of blackwater could be poured into a narrow hole in the ground (a “soak pit”), like a post hole, which could be filled with stones, especially if there is a tendency for the walls to cave in. One could also put a plank as a lid to keep flies and smells from coming and going. If the site has really high groundwater or flooding, some kind of Constructed Wetland of plants would be called for to purify this wastewater.

And if we want to sit …?

You can build a bench, as can be seen on my blog, but I do want to remind you that squatting is the most natural position for defecation (which everyone used for millions of years) therefore:

• there is less constipation,
• there are fewer hemorrhoids,
• it is more hygienic (since genitals do not touch anything),
• it is more accessible for small children, and
• the evacuation is more complete.

It is also usually easier and more economical to build for squatting, plus there is better separation of the urine.

Where could this go?

By using this minimalist do-it-yourself toilet, people can not only resolve this sanitary problem themselves immediately, but they can also demonstrate to governments, foundations, and others that they understand and embrace the concept and practice of Urine-diverting Dry Toilets. Many planners and decision-makers would discard this option as a utopian dream that could never be feasible, but in reality local citizens are often much more practical, proactive and down-to-earth than their “leaders”. Once people demonstrate that they can properly manage this bare-bones UDDT, governments and foundations would be much more confident in building fancier, permanent units for these same users. Too many UDDTs have been built and given to the users, with everyone simply hoping that they will use them correctly, and then they are abandoned or misused, because the users were not adequately prepared and convinced of the system.

In fact, this simple toilet could be used as a test for these users to confirm their spot on the list of permanent and elegant UDDTs to be built. After a week of use, someone could visit to see how they have been used, and this would put pressure on them to actually understand and use the toilet and to actually use it properly, since no one would want to be crossed off the list for being messy or not being able to follow instructions.

This design can thus be considered a low but solid rung in the ladder of increasingly user-friendly UDDTs. With it, those 2.6 billion could quickly have a toilet, maybe with some creative redistribution of these plastic “wastes”, especially considering that, since these polypropylene sacks are protected from the damaging rays of the sun, they can be used again and again, year after year. This toilet is accessible to anyone in the world who can rescue a few selected things out of the trash and has a clear decision to keep the environment cleaner and more productive.

 
If you have any questions or suggestions about this simple toilet, please let me know. I also invite you to read more about the current problems of sanitation in this interview and more about Urine-diverting Dry Toilets in this interview.

 Keep water clean 
by keeping sh*t dirty. 

A Free Minimalist UDDT (part 1)

A Free Minimalist Urine-diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT) for the Unhoused, Poor or Disaster-stricken

(This was first graciously published at

http://www.phlush.org/2013/10/14/a-minimalist-costless-urine-diverting-dry-toilet-uddt-for-the-unhoused-poor-or-disaster-stricken/

after they had asked me about simple options for homeless people.) 

(Para español, vea:
http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/2013/11/un-inodoro-seco-sin-costo-que-cualquier.html.)

Shifting from wasteful, expensive, contaminating, water-based toilets to decentralized, environmentally friendly, dry toilets should be more a matter of paradigm shift than capital investment. This is especially true for those who have little money, are potentially living on the street, or are in the upheaval of an emergency.

The key things that a UDDT needs to do are: (1) jail up the potentially dangerous feces that may transmit many terrible diseases (including diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, and intestinal worm eggs) long enough for these to die and (2) set the urine free on the soil, where it is excellent fertilizer for the plants and transmits no disease. This separation also greatly reduces the potential for stench and keeps the volume of dangerous material small and manageable.

The following minimalist toilet is entirely functional and is made with just a few readily available materials that can be rescued from the garbage:

• Two 4-liter plastic bottles, like those used to sell bleach.
• 50 centimeters of tape.
• 2 meters of string.
• Four sticks, 25 centimeters long (or a box the right size).
• Some normal, woven, polypropylene sacks, like those used to sell 100 pounds of flour, rice, or whatever. Biodegradable, jute bags (like coffee sacks) can also be used and even have an advantage (see #7, below).
• A small sheet of plastic.

Instructions

(1)   Make a portable, ecological urinal from the two bottles, cutting one diagonally (as shown) and joining them together mouth-to-mouth with tape and then firmly with string. This is a very useful item, even if one has a more up-scale outhouse, as it can be used for peeing next to bed in the middle of the night, without having to go out into the dark among snakes, insects, rapists or other creatures. It can also be used during the day wherever there is enough privacy.

 

While standing with urine in it, this urinal emits very little smell, since the mouths of the bottles are small and the top bottle blocks the movement of air across these mouths. Each day, it gets rinsed with water to avoid smell developing with the fermentation of the urine.

This costless urinal is very practical for collecting urine, diluting it with at least three times as much graywater, and pouring this excellent fertilizer on the soil among one’s crop plants … or among the ornamental plants in the city park to help them flower more beautifully. One could also dump the urine into a sewer drain, but that would waste the nutrients, increase public spending on wastewater treatment, and contribute to the formation of anoxic dead zones in rivers and oceans.

(2)   Push the four sticks into the ground, to a height of about 12 centimeters. If one prefers (or especially if the floor is cement and you cannot poke sticks into the ground), a cardboard, wooden or plastic box the right size could be used instead of the sticks.

(3)   Roll down the edge of the sack and place it over the sticks. Put in a cup of dry soil where the first deposit will fall. If you like, a layer of dry leaves can be placed in the bottom of the sack first.

(4)   Put your heels against the sack, squat down, hold the urinal inclined in front of you, and release your load of nutrients. The feces will fall neatly into the sack, while the urine flows neatly into the urinal. Then, stand up the urinal until the next convenient opportunity to spread it on the soil. Place the paper, leaves, corn cobs or whatever was used for wiping together with the feces. (Arrange for privacy however you like, maybe with palm fronds stuck in the ground.)

(5)   Put a cup of dry soil on top of the feces to cover them, control the smell, keep flies from laying their eggs, and inoculate them with beneficial decomposer soil microbes. Keep a stick in the sack to accommodate the feces and paper, facilitate them being covered adequately by the soil, and fill the space in an orderly way (always grabbing the non-sh*tty end of the stick). One of the best soils for this consists of the decomposed feces from a previous cycle, as seen here, with some sawdust mixed in if it is too compact.

(6)   When not in use, cover the whole thing tightly with a sheet of plastic to keep rain, flies and curious eyes out.

(7)   When full (to a height of nearly the 12 cm), or when the users are moving on, tie the sack shut with a tag that says something like, “Open this package of rich organic soil only after XX/X/20XX (say a year from now) when it is safe to use in agriculture” and hide it somewhere protected against the rain and sun, like under a bridge. Another option would be to bury the sack, preferably in dry, well aerated soil (potentially under that same bridge). These sacks could also be stacked on a layer of rocks or sticks and covered with a sheet of plastic to protect them from the rain (maybe under a tree to protect the plastic from the sun).

The feces should dry and decompose for at least 6 months in the Tropics or a year in Temperate Countries (longer if buried in the soil), so that the pathogens die and it is no longer dangerous.

If the users are there long enough, or come back, they can use this new soil themselves in agriculture, or recycle it as an excellent cover material for new feces in the UDDT once again. More fecophobic people might want to only put it in the bottoms of holes for planting trees, which is also a great use.

The advantage of using biodegradable, jute sacks is that one can just throw the recently filled sack in the bottom of a hole, plant a tree on top of it, and forget about it (until you wonder why the tree is growing so fast and with such luscious fruits).

(Continue reading for a discussion of this system here.)

Primer Vistazo a los Jardines Verticales de Botellas

En estas fotos de acercamiento, podemos ver cómo el punto de contacto entre las botellas que contienen el suelo en forma vertical y las plantas que crecen en este suelo. Esta es una gran opción para convertir la heces descompuestas y la orina humana en saludables frutas, vegetales y plantas medicinales (como esta planta morada de Escansel, que es bueno para el riñón). Con estos, se puede hacer agricultura urbana, encima de las terrazas de los edificios, pegados a sus paredes o incluso formar las mismas paredes de nuevas casas.

Desean ver cómo los construyo? Favor escribirme, para que yo sepa que haya interés.



PET Bottle Vertical Gardens by Chris Canaday is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Based on a work at inodoroseco.blogspot.com.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at inodoroseco.blogspot.com.
Sneak Peek at the Vertical Gardens made from Bottles

In these close-ups, we can see the point of contact between the bottles that hold the soil vertically and the plants that grow in this soil. This is a great alternative for safely converting human urine and decomposed feces into healthful fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants (like this purple Escansel plant, which is good for the kidney). With these, we can do urban agriculture, on the roofs of buildings, stuck to their walls, or even forming the walls of new houses.

Do you want to see how I build these? Write me, so I can know if there is interest.

Un Video sobre el Manejo de Heces en Sacos

Gracias al voluntario uruguayo, Federico Fredes (fedebongo@gmail.com), hemos hecho un lindo video bilingüe sobre cómo manejar las heces de los inodoros secos en sacos tejidos de polipropileno. También se ve el producto final --después de más que un año-- que usamos otra vez para cubrir las heces nuevas, cuando ya no representa ningún peligro y es lo mejor para controlar los olores y moscas e inocular al nuevo depósito con los microbios que decompusieron todo en la vuelta anterior. Disfruta la música de diyiridú de Australia. Todo comentario o sugerencia bienvenido.

A Video about Managing Feces in Sacks

Thanks to the Uruguayan volunteer, Federico Fredes (fedebongo@gmail.com), we made this nice little Spanish/English video about how to manage feces from UDDTs in woven polypropylene sacks. It also shows the final product --after more than a year-- which we use to cover the new feces, when it no longer represents any danger and is the best cover material for controlling smell and flies, while inoculating the new deposit with the microbes that decomposed everything in the previous cycle. Enjoy the Australian didgeridoo music. All comments and suggestions are welcome. 

Urinarios Ecológicos / Ecological Urinals

 (Scroll down for English)

Los Urinarios Ecológicos tienen cada vez más popularidad. Es fácil cortar una poma de 4 litros en diágonal y unirla con cinta y piola a otra poma que ha quedado intacta. Hombres y mujeres podemos orinar directamente en este urinario, en la privacidad del dormitorio u otro cuarto, para luego dispersar este excelente fertilizante en el suelo entre las plantas. En lugares secos, o cuando se trata de plantas delicadas, es mejor diluir la orina con 3 o más veces más agua (que puede ser "aguas grises" de haber lavado los platos o de habernos bañado). Después, se le enjuaga con agua, no hay problema con olores y está listo para usarse de nuevo.

Se agradece a la Lavandería La Mocita de Puyo (que donó las pomas que habían tenido cloro), a Federico (un voluntario uruguayo que ayudó a armar estos urinarios) y a las 4 modelos.

El acompañamiento de la boa constrictor es opcional.

Ecológical Urinals

Ecological Urinals are getting more and more popular. It is easy to cut a 4-liter jug diagonally and connect it with tape and string to another, intact jug. Men and women can urinate directly into these, in the privacy of their bedrooms, to later spread this excellent fertilizer on the soil among crop plants. In dry places, or when the plants are particularly delicate, it is best to dilute the urine with 3 or more times more water (which may be "greywater" from having washed the dishes or from having bathed ourselves). Afterwards, it should be rinsed with water, to avoid any smell problem, and it is ready to use again.

Many thanks to Lavandería La Mocita in Puyo (that donated these jugs that had previously held bleach), to Federico (a Uruguayan volunteer who helped to put this batch of urinals together), and to the 4 models.

The watchful eye of the boa constrictor is optional.

Un modelo (parcialmente reciclado) de ArborLoo

(Scroll down for English)

En abril, hicimos un modelo económica y ecológicamente amigable de ArborLoo, dentro de un curso de capacitación del Cuerpo de Paz, en Tumbaco, en las afueras de Quito.

El ArborLoo es un tipo de sanitario ecológico ideado por Peter Morgan (Zimbabwe), en la cual se construye una casita liviana y portátil que se coloca sobre una serie de huecos poco profundos, donde luego se siembran árboles. Es aplicable solo en lugares con tierras relativamente secas y absorbentes. Uno de sus mayores ventajas es las heces se quedan encapsuladas en la tierra y nadie tiene que manejarlas (hasta que estén convertidas en deliciosas frutas en el árbol). (Vea los libros de Peter en www.ecosanres.org.)

Los más sobresalientes aspectos del nuevo modelo son:

• El techo es hecho de plástico PET cortado de botellas desechables. (Pondré más detalle sobre cómo se hace esto en otra entrada). Esto permite entrar más luz y aire, además de reducir su costo y su huella ecológica.
• Tiene un tubo de ventilación, hecho de botellas desechables de plástico PET (3 litros, 12 cm diámetro), que va desde la banca hasta arriba del techo, para desalojar posibles olores.
• La pared de privacidad es de plástico blanco, lo cual también permite pasar gran cantidad de luz.
• La puerta está hecha de cartones de TetraPak, abiertos y cosidos y luego grapados sobre un marco de madera. TetraPak es muy durable, muy abundante y poco reciclable (de forma convencional).
• Sus dimensiones son 80 cm de ancho, 120 cm de largo, y 2 m de alto. La mitad del largo es el piso y la otra mitad es la banca. La banca es de 38 cm de alto. El hueco cilíndrico en la tierra es de 100 cm de profundo y 50 cm en diámetro.
  
• Una capa de vinil cubre el piso y la banca, para mayor elegancia y para facilitar su limpieza. También cubre la superficie interior de la banca, donde choca la orina.
• La madera es utilizada solo en el esqueleto, piso y banca, así reduciendo el peso de la casita y su contribución a la deforestación. (Se puede proteger la madera con aceite quemado de motores.)
• Como toda la estructura es liviana y podría ser llevada por el viento, es sujetada a la tierra por medio de una soga y dos estacas.
• Los usuarios deben agregar una taza de tierra seca, cenizas, etc. después de cada depósito.

Opinamos que este modelo podrá tener gran aplicación en lugares donde la tierra es absorbente y donde hay espacio para sembrar árboles. Si no hay mucho espacio, se puede sembrar especies que viven poco tiempo, como el Banano y el Tomate de Árbol. Si la tierra no está tan absorbente, se podría mantener separada la orina (como en los UDDT de este blog), lo que también facilitaría su reciclaje como fertilizante.

Agradezgo mucho la ayuda de los voluntarios de Cuerpo de Paz, sus colaboradores locales y su coordinadora Eveliz.
- - -
A (largely recycled) New Model of ArborLoo


In Abril, we built an economically and ecologically friendly model of ArborLoo, within a training course on Ecological Sanitation for the Peace Corps, in Tumbaco, in the outskirts of Quito.

An ArborLoo is a type of ecological toilet that was thought up by Peter Morgan of Zimbabwe, in which a lightweight, portable outhouse is put over a series of shallow holes where trees are later planted. This is applicable only where the soil is relatively dry and absorbent. One of its greatest advantages is that the feces remain encapsulated in the earth and no one has to deal with them (until they are converted into delicious fruits on the tree). (See Peter's books on www.ecosanres.org.)


The details:

• The roof is made from PET plastic cut from disposable bottles. (I will post more detail on how to do this later.) This permits the entry of more light and air, in addition to reducing its cost and ecological footprint.
• A ventilation pipe is also made from disposable PET plastic bottles (3 liters, 12 cm diameter), that reaches from the bench to above the roof, to vent possible odors.
• The privacy walls are made of white plastic, which also lets lots of light in.
• The door is made from TetraPak cartons, opened out and sewn together, then stapled to a wooden frame. TetraPak is very durable, abundant, and does not lend itself very well to conventional recycling.
• Its dimensions are 80 cm wide, 120 cm long, and 2 m high. Half of the length is the floor and the other half is the bench. The bench is 38 cm high. The cylindrical hole in the ground is 100 cm deep and 50 cm diameter.
• Linoleum covers the floor and bench, for more elegance and to facilitate cleaning. There is also linoleum on the inner surface of the bench, to protect the wood from the urine.
• Wood is only used in the frame, floor and bench, thus reducing the weight of the outhouse and its contribution to deforestation. (The wood can be protected with used motor oil.)
• Since the structure is so light and could be blown around by the wind, it is tied down to the ground with a rope and two stakes.
• Users should add a cup of dry soil, ashes, etc. after each deposit.

We think this model could have wide application in places where the soil is absorbent and there is enough room to plant trees. If there is not so much room, species that do not live so long, such as Bananas or Tree Tomatoes, could be planted. If the soil is not so absorbent, urine could be kept separate (as in the UDDTs of this blog), which would also facilitate its recycling as fertilizer.

Many thanks to the Peace Corps Volunteers, their local counterparts, and their coordinator Eveliz.